論提單風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與提單法律制度的完善

摘　要
提單是海上貨物運(yùn)輸最重要的單據(jù)，有關(guān)提單的法律規(guī)定與實(shí)際操作都與國際貿(mào)易和國際運(yùn)輸息息相關(guān)，同時(shí)在提單的應(yīng)用上存在著一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在海商法領(lǐng)域，提單的法律性質(zhì)是一個(gè)討論已久的話題，但對(duì)此在理論界與實(shí)務(wù)界卻仍存在著許多爭議，尤其是對(duì)于提單法律制度的規(guī)范。明確提單的法律性質(zhì)有著極其重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)作用，因?yàn)樘釂蔚姆尚再|(zhì)不僅僅直接關(guān)系到各種有關(guān)提單的法律糾紛，而且決定了提單各方當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。提單具有物權(quán)憑證性質(zhì)，并不具有債權(quán)性質(zhì)。在有關(guān)提單物權(quán)憑證的占有權(quán)、所有權(quán)、綜合說中，所有權(quán)說更具說服力。我國《海商法》修改時(shí)應(yīng)規(guī)定“貨物所有權(quán)在轉(zhuǎn)讓提單的同時(shí)一并轉(zhuǎn)讓，若當(dāng)事人另有規(guī)定除外”，為所有權(quán)說確立法律依據(jù)，以完善相關(guān)法律制度。

關(guān)鍵詞：提單,提單風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，提單法律制度,完善
 
Abstract
 Bill of lading is the carriage of goods by the most important documents for legal requirements and practical operations and international trade and international transport are closely related, the application of the Bill of lading at the same time there was a certain degree of risk. In the field of maritime law, the legal nature of the Bill of lading is a discussion of this topic, but in theory and practice of the profession but there are a lot of controversy, especially for a bill of lading of the legal system of the specification. Clear the legal natures of the Bill of lading were crucial practical function, because the legal nature of the Bill of lading is not directly related to the various for disputes, and determines the Bill of lading for parties of the rights and obligations. Bill of lading has a title property, and does not have the nature of the debt. In the Bill of lading receipt of enjoyment, title, ownership, comprehensive said that more compelling. Modify the maritime law in China "requirement" transfer of ownership in the goods at the same time a bill of lading and transfer, if the parties except as otherwise provided, the ownership of said "to establish a legal basis, to perfect the relevant legal system. 

Key words：Bill of lading, The risk of bill of lading, The legal system of bill of lading, Consummate 
 
目  錄

前　言 1
1提單的性質(zhì) 2
1.1提單法律制度的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展 2
1.2提單的法律性質(zhì) 2
1.2.1 提單是有價(jià)證券 2
1.2.2 提單是文義性證券 2
1.2.3 提單是物權(quán)憑證 3
2海運(yùn)提單的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 4
2.1 倒簽和預(yù)借提單 4
2.2 偽造提單 4
2.3 以保函換取清潔提單 4
2.4 無提單放貨 5
2.4.1 選擇交易伙伴 5
2.4.2 訂立好買賣合同、運(yùn)輸合同，并開立好信用證 5
3海運(yùn)提單風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的防范 7
3.1改革提單制度 7
3.1.1 改革銀行的單項(xiàng)保證制度 7
3.1.2 在短途運(yùn)輸中使用海運(yùn)單，以作為提單制度的補(bǔ)充 7
3.1.3 逐漸普及電子提單的使用 7
3.2 謹(jǐn)慎選擇交易伙伴 8
3.3 訂立好合同，并開立好信用證 8
3.4 提單風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的法律救濟(jì)措施 8
3.4.1 申請(qǐng)扣押船舶 9
3.4.2 及時(shí)提起訴訟 9
3.4.3 申請(qǐng)禁令 9
結(jié)　論 11
致　謝 12
參考文獻(xiàn) 13