熱量計(jì)系統(tǒng)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)

摘要

城市集中供熱的能源浪費(fèi)及不合理的按住宅面積收費(fèi)問(wèn)題日益突出，已經(jīng)制約了城市集中供熱的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。熱量表是實(shí)施城市供熱體制改革，推行按熱量收費(fèi)的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備，對(duì)熱量消耗全部智能計(jì)算，以用戶(hù)實(shí)際耗用熱量為計(jì)量收費(fèi)依據(jù)。熱量表作為熱力公司向每一位住戶(hù)收費(fèi)的依據(jù)和手段，不僅己廣泛被用戶(hù)所接受，而且由于用熱量與費(fèi)用直接相關(guān)，也加強(qiáng)了住戶(hù)的節(jié)能意識(shí)。用熱量表進(jìn)行熱計(jì)量更為科學(xué)、更為合理，既方便用戶(hù)，又便于管理。而本課題研究的目的就是為人們提供一種能夠準(zhǔn)確測(cè)量熱量消耗，解決收費(fèi)難的智能儀表。
本次設(shè)計(jì)就熱量計(jì)的原理進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)單論述，通過(guò)把工程熱力學(xué)中的能量平衡方程應(yīng)用到熱量表中，得出了適合熱量表熱量計(jì)量的公式；并且對(duì)熱量表硬件的各個(gè)主要組成單元：主控制單元、流量測(cè)量單元以及配對(duì)溫度傳感器等都進(jìn)行了比較分析，選擇性能穩(wěn)定、價(jià)格低廉的器件，其中流量傳感器選擇的是電極式無(wú)磁流量傳感器，它屬于葉輪流量傳感器的一種。溫度傳感器選擇的是鉑電阻溫度傳感器，主控制單元的核心器件選用的是at89c51型號(hào)的單片機(jī)。就此完成了主要硬件部分的設(shè)計(jì)。
本文也設(shè)計(jì)了相應(yīng)的軟件程序，軟件程序采用C語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行的編寫(xiě)，把整體程序由系統(tǒng)初始化程序、測(cè)溫子程序、測(cè)流量子程序和按鍵中斷等幾部分組成。最后，對(duì)熱量表進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)調(diào)試，調(diào)試成功后進(jìn)行測(cè)試，成功地實(shí)現(xiàn)了熱量計(jì)量和顯示。
關(guān)鍵詞：熱量計(jì)；單片機(jī)；溫度傳感器；流量傳感器

Abstract

The problem of energy waste as result of urban central heating and unreasonable charge according to the areas is ourstanding day by day.This problem has already restricted the further development of urban central heating.The calorimeter is crucial equipment which implements system reform of urban heat supply and charges according to heat.It measures and charges on the basis of the user consumption heat actual.The administration adopt heat meter to measure heat that not only facilitates the users,but easy to manage.The purpose of researching the subject to offer users a kind of intelligence instrument that can accurately measure heat consumption and solve the difficult of charging.
The theory of heat measurement is analyzed.The energy-balance equation in the engineering thermodynamics is used to propose the equation of quantity of heat measurement for heat meter.This is the theory basis for heat measurement.steadier performance and lower price consuming have been chosen by comparing and analyzing each piece of the mainly constitute module of the heat meter’s hardwar,which is constitute by the main controlling unit,flow meter,couples temperature sensor etc. Electrode-free magnetic flow sensor has been chosen as the flow sensor,which is a kind of Impeller flow sensor. Platinum resistance temperature sensor has been chosen as temperature sensor,and at89c51 singlechip has been chosen as the centre of  the main controlling unit.Thus the designation of the hardware electric circuit is completed.
This paper design a software which is writed by C language corresponded to the hardware electric circuit.The whole program consist of flux measurement,heat measurement,the key pause and the system initialize program.Finally,it makes a system debug to heat meter,and test after successful debug.
Key words:calorimeter;singlechip;temperature sensor;flow sensor

目錄

0  前言 1
1  概述 2
1.1  我國(guó)供熱現(xiàn)狀和開(kāi)發(fā)熱量計(jì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義 2
1.2  熱量計(jì)概述 3
1.3  熱量計(jì)的國(guó)外發(fā)展?fàn)顩r 4
2  熱量計(jì)的硬件電路設(shè)計(jì) 7
2.1  熱量計(jì)量系統(tǒng)原理框圖 7
2.2  熱量計(jì)計(jì)熱原理 7
2.3  熱量計(jì)的硬件原理框圖 9
2.4  信號(hào)處理部分 10
2.4.1  單片機(jī)簡(jiǎn)介 10
2.4.2  51單片機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)概述 11
2.5  單片機(jī)選擇 13
2.6  單片機(jī)外圍電路設(shè)計(jì) 15
2.6.1  復(fù)位電路設(shè)計(jì) 15
2.6.2  鎖存器74LS373 15
2.6.3  譯碼器74LS138 16
2.6.4  外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器的選擇 17
2.7  溫度采集電路設(shè)計(jì) 18
2.7.1  溫度傳感器的選擇 18
2.7.2  測(cè)溫原理理論分析 19
2.7.3  電阻—溫度變換處理 19
2.7.4  差動(dòng)放大器 22
2.7.5  A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器 23
2.7.6  溫度測(cè)量電路 26
2.8  流量采集電路 27
2.8.1  流量傳感器 27
2.8.2  電極式無(wú)磁流量計(jì)介紹 28
2.8.3  流量傳感器電路設(shè)計(jì) 29
2.9  顯示部分設(shè)計(jì) 30
3  系統(tǒng)軟件設(shè)計(jì) 31
3.1  主程序流程圖 31
3.2  初始化模塊設(shè)計(jì) 32
3.3  溫度測(cè)量子程序 33
3.4  流量測(cè)量子程序 34
3.5  熱量計(jì)算子程序 36
3.6  按鍵中斷子程序 37
4  技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)分析 41
4.1  需求分析 41
4.2  經(jīng)濟(jì)效益分析 42
4.3  社會(huì)效益分析[13] 42
4.4  技術(shù)可靠性分析 42
5  結(jié)論 44
致謝 45
參考文獻(xiàn) 46
附錄A   譯文 47
附錄B   外文原文 56
附錄C  整體程序 67