摘 要
船舶電力系統(tǒng)在運(yùn)行過(guò)程中，由于各種原因?qū)е鹿收习l(fā)生，特別是短路故障，要求實(shí)現(xiàn)船舶電力系統(tǒng)短路選擇性保護(hù)。以前更多的是采用時(shí)間原則或電流原則來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)選擇性保護(hù)，兩者都有各自的不足。因此，研究區(qū)域選擇性聯(lián)鎖來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)船舶電力系統(tǒng)選擇性保護(hù)。配電系統(tǒng)分為多個(gè)區(qū)域，在這一區(qū)域內(nèi)根據(jù)設(shè)定好的斷路器之間的協(xié)同關(guān)系，同時(shí)把時(shí)間原則和電流原則考慮進(jìn)去，能夠減小故障波及范圍，縮短總的故障時(shí)間，為船舶電力系統(tǒng)選擇性保護(hù)提供更為可靠地保證。
實(shí)現(xiàn)區(qū)域選擇性聯(lián)鎖一個(gè)重要的前提是斷路器的智能化，因此設(shè)計(jì)了一種新型智能控制器，即用于船舶低壓配電系統(tǒng)的斷路器群組控制的智能控制器，其改進(jìn)之處是，將斷路器的信號(hào)采集單元和動(dòng)作執(zhí)行元件安裝在斷路器本體之中，而智能控制器則與斷路器本體相分離開(kāi)來(lái)，單獨(dú)設(shè)計(jì)成一個(gè)智能控制器裝置，斷路器本體和智能控制器之間通過(guò)信號(hào)電纜連接，智能控制器能夠控制單個(gè)或多個(gè)斷路器實(shí)現(xiàn)故障保護(hù)。
文章首先闡述了船舶電力系統(tǒng)選擇性保護(hù)以及船用斷路器存在的一些問(wèn)題，回顧了國(guó)內(nèi)外在這些領(lǐng)域的研究現(xiàn)狀，接著較為詳細(xì)的分析了區(qū)域選擇性聯(lián)鎖在船舶電力系統(tǒng)當(dāng)中的應(yīng)用，以及相關(guān)理論算法在智能控制器當(dāng)中實(shí)現(xiàn)，然后主要討論了群組控制器的硬件設(shè)計(jì)和軟件設(shè)計(jì)，最后通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)驗(yàn)證系統(tǒng)，獲得測(cè)試結(jié)果。
硬件設(shè)計(jì)部分包括DSP最小系統(tǒng)電路、信號(hào)調(diào)理電路、脫扣電路、電源供電電路和數(shù)據(jù)通信電路等。信號(hào)調(diào)理電路和脫扣電路是設(shè)計(jì)的重點(diǎn)，在信號(hào)調(diào)理電路中針對(duì)互感器采集電流范圍較廣，設(shè)計(jì)了兩路放大電路，一路放大倍數(shù)較大，用來(lái)放大小電流時(shí)的信號(hào)；另一路剛好相反，用于大電流的信號(hào)調(diào)理。脫扣電路設(shè)計(jì)了數(shù)字脫扣電路，同時(shí)增加模擬脫扣電路作為后備保護(hù)，提高斷路器動(dòng)作的可靠性。
軟件部分，DSP程序設(shè)計(jì)主要完成三段電流保護(hù)功能，并完成電壓和電流等有效值的測(cè)量、諧波分析、區(qū)域連鎖等功能，還需要操作指令、顯示、通信和事件記錄等請(qǐng)求做出及時(shí)響應(yīng)，DSP處理的工作量大，實(shí)時(shí)性又要求高，采用前后臺(tái)操作的模塊化編程模式很難完成軟件的開(kāi)發(fā)。因此，將嵌入式實(shí)時(shí)操作系統(tǒng)μC/OS-II移植到DSP當(dāng)中，進(jìn)行控制器軟件開(kāi)發(fā)。
實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，本文所研制的低壓斷路器群組智能控制器基本上達(dá)到了預(yù)期的設(shè)計(jì)效果，為今后新型智能斷路器在船舶電力系統(tǒng)上的應(yīng)用提供了思想方法和設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)。

關(guān)鍵詞 船舶電力系統(tǒng)；DSP；群組控制器；區(qū)域選擇性聯(lián)鎖；嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)



Abstract
During the operation of the ship’s power system, fault occurs due to various causes, especially is the short-circuit fault. The selective protection of the ship power system short-circuit is required. The principle of time or current to achieve selective protection is the most common ways. Both have their shortcomings. Therefore, a zone-selective interlock method to achieve selective protection of the ship power system is proposed in this paper. The power distribution system is divided into multiple areas. In this region, according to the defined relationships between the circuit breaker, while the time principles and current principles has been taken into account to limit the scope of the fault within a small range and shorten the general fault time, and it can provide a more reliable guarantee to the selective protection of the ship power system.
Intelligent circuit breaker is an important prerequisite to achieve ZSI. Therefore, a new intelligent controller is proposed in this paper, which is used to control the multiple breakers of the ship low voltage distribution system. The improvements is that the signal acquisition and Executive components of circuit breaker are installed in the Circuit breaker body, but intelligent controller is separated from the and circuit breaker body, which can be designed as a single intelligent controller device. And the Circuit breaker body and the intelligent controller connected by a signal cable. So, intelligent controller can control one or more circuit breakers for fault protection.
Firstly, this paper describes the selective protection of ship power system and the marine circuit breaker's existing problems, reviewed the development course in this field by foreign and domestic, introduced ZSI and the related theory of intelligent controller algorithm in the application of power system. Mainly design the hardware and software of group controller. At last, by setting up the simple laboratory experiments to verify system, and get the test results.
The part of hardware includes the minimum system circuit of DSP, the signal conditioning circuit, tripping circuit, power supply circuit and data communication circuits, etc. signal conditioning circuit and tripping circuit is the focal point of design. In signal conditioning circuit, in view of current transformer collection with wider range, design two road amplifier circuits, the larger magnification of the circuit is used to amplify a small current, the other one is just the opposite. Design digital and analog tripping circuit, which improve the reliability of the circuit breaker action.
The part of software need complete three sections of the current protection function, the RMS of voltage and current, the harmonic analysis and ZSI, etc. which also need to timely response to the operation instructions, display, communication and events requests record. The DSP processing has heavy workload and high real time requirement, so the use of fr..