M7180×30平面磨床液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)

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目錄

摘要                                                                            2
Abstract                                                                         3
前言                                                                            5
第一章 液壓傳動(dòng)的發(fā)展歷史和應(yīng)用
1.1液壓傳動(dòng)的發(fā)展歷史                                                         7
1.2液壓系統(tǒng)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀                                                           7
1.3液壓系統(tǒng)的組成                                                             8
1.4現(xiàn)今液壓系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)                                                       8
1.5平面磨床液壓系統(tǒng)發(fā)展潮流                                                   8
第二章 液壓系統(tǒng)工況分析
2.1磨床工作原理                                                             10
2.2 M7180×30平面磨床主參數(shù)的確定                                            10
2.3平面磨床動(dòng)作循環(huán)分析                                                     10
2.4負(fù)載的分析計(jì)算                                                           11
   2.4.1  導(dǎo)軌的選擇與摩擦力的計(jì)算                                            11
2.4.2  循環(huán)階段受力分析與計(jì)算                                              11
2.5 計(jì)算液壓系統(tǒng)主要參數(shù)并編制工況圖                                         12
2.5.1  預(yù)選系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)壓力                                                    12
2.5.2  計(jì)算液壓缸主要結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸                                              13
第三章 制定液壓回路方案，擬定液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖
3.1  制定液壓回路方案                                                        16
3.1.1  油源形式及壓力控制                                                  16
3.1.2  調(diào)速回路                                                            16
3.1.3  換向回路與快速運(yùn)動(dòng)回路及換接方式                                    16
3.1.4  輔助回路                                                            17
3.2  擬定液壓系統(tǒng)圖                                                          17
第四章計(jì)算與選擇液壓元件
4.1  液壓泵及其驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)計(jì)算與選定                                            19                                                                                       4.1.1  液壓泵最高工作壓力計(jì)算                                              19
4.1.2  液壓泵流量計(jì)算                                                      20
4.1.3  確定液壓泵規(guī)格                                                      20
4.1.4  確定液壓泵驅(qū)動(dòng)功率及電機(jī)的規(guī)格、型號(hào)                                20
4.2  其他輔助元件的確定                                                      21
4.2.1  確定閥類元件及輔件                                                  21
4.2.2  確定油箱                                                            22
4.2.3  確定油管                                                            23
第五章 總結(jié)                                                                    24
致    謝                                                                       25
參考文獻(xiàn)                                                                       26

【摘要】主要闡述了平面磨床液壓系統(tǒng)，液壓技術(shù)是機(jī)械設(shè)備中發(fā)展最快的技術(shù)之一。隨著科技步伐的加快，液壓技術(shù)在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。液壓技術(shù)己成為主機(jī)設(shè)備中最關(guān)鍵的部分之一。
液壓系統(tǒng)是利用液體為介質(zhì)把能量從動(dòng)力源傳遞到消耗位置的動(dòng)力傳遞系統(tǒng)。所有液壓系統(tǒng)原理都基于帕斯卡定律，是以發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)定律的帕斯卡的名字而命名的。這個(gè)定律表明在一個(gè)密封的容器里，如缸體或管子，受壓液體向容器表面所有方向施加相等的力。。
液壓系統(tǒng)主要包括動(dòng)力元件（油泵）、執(zhí)行元件（油缸或液壓馬達(dá)）、控制元件（各種閥）、輔助元件和工作介質(zhì)等五部分.
1、動(dòng)力元件（油泵） 它的作用是把液體利用原動(dòng)機(jī)的機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換成液壓力能；是液壓傳動(dòng)中的動(dòng)力部分。
2、執(zhí)行元件（油缸、液壓馬達(dá)） 它是將液體的液壓能轉(zhuǎn)換成機(jī)械能。其中，油缸做直線運(yùn)動(dòng)，馬達(dá)做旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。
3、控制元件 包括壓力閥、流量閥和方向閥等。它們的作用是根據(jù)需要無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)節(jié)液動(dòng)機(jī)的速度，并對(duì)液壓系統(tǒng)中工作液體的壓力、流量和流向進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)控制。
4、輔助元件 除上述三部分以外的其它元件，包括壓力表、濾油器、蓄能裝置、冷卻器、管件{主要包括: 各種管接頭(擴(kuò)口式、焊接式、卡套式,sae法蘭）、高壓球閥、快換接頭、軟管總成、測(cè)壓接頭、管夾等}及油箱等，它們同樣十分重要。
5、工作介質(zhì) 工作介質(zhì)是指各類液壓傳動(dòng)中的液壓油或乳化液，它經(jīng)過(guò)油泵和液動(dòng)機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)能量轉(zhuǎn)換。
例如控制元件中的方向控制閥, 方向控制閥也稱作二通閥、三通閥和四通閥等等，是根據(jù)它們的基本功能命名的。壓力控制閥和簡(jiǎn)單的節(jié)流閥，通常采用二通閥，他們僅有通和斷功能。三通閥可以有幾種功能,這些和三通閥的油口有關(guān)。例如，來(lái)自泵的高壓流體可能傳送到拖拉機(jī)的液壓系統(tǒng)里驅(qū)動(dòng)負(fù)載。在不需驅(qū)動(dòng)時(shí)，三通閥將高壓流體送到驅(qū)動(dòng)輸送機(jī)構(gòu)的液壓馬達(dá)上。
 也可以用三通閥來(lái)控制單作用式液壓缸（只能單方面施力）的運(yùn)動(dòng)。例如，當(dāng)三通閥通時(shí)，它可以阻止高壓流體流入液壓缸。同時(shí)，該閥可以把液壓缸中的液體導(dǎo)向液壓油箱，因此，柱塞缸可以在重力或回程彈簧的作用下回到它的初始位置。
 四通閥有四個(gè)油口。壓力油口控制流體連接到需要高壓的地方。同時(shí)有一個(gè)油口從高壓區(qū)排出油液。排出的液體流回液壓油箱
完成整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程需要進(jìn)行一系列工作, 首先查閱文獻(xiàn)，了解并熟悉設(shè)計(jì)工況，最重要的就是要確定執(zhí)行元件主要參數(shù)，擬定系統(tǒng)原理草圖，計(jì)算選擇液壓元件，驗(yàn)算系統(tǒng)性能，繪制零件圖和裝配圖，編制技術(shù)文件，最后撰寫課程設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書。在這里頭最重要的就是要了解所要設(shè)計(jì)的液壓系統(tǒng)如何工作,電磁鐵的動(dòng)作順序.同時(shí)，還要堅(jiān)持理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際，并在實(shí)踐中不斷總結(jié)和積累設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，向有關(guān)領(lǐng)域的科技工作者和從事生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐的工作者學(xué)習(xí)，不斷發(fā)展和創(chuàng)新，才能建好地完成機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。
液壓作為一個(gè)廣泛應(yīng)用的技術(shù)，在未來(lái)更是有廣闊的前景。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)的深入發(fā)展，液壓控制系統(tǒng)可以和智能控制的技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)控制的技術(shù)等技術(shù)結(jié)合起來(lái)，這樣就能夠在更多的場(chǎng)合中發(fā)揮作用，也可以更加精巧的、更加靈活地完成預(yù)期的控制任務(wù)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 磨床  液壓系統(tǒng)  液壓元件  液壓泵  流量  壓力

Abstract   The mainly expounds the surface grinder hydraulic system, hydraulic technology is mechanical equipment the fastest developing technical one. Along with the science and technology, speed up the pace of hydraulic technology in each field of widely used. Hydraulic technology has become the most key host devices one of the part.
Hydraulic systems are power-transmitting assemblies employing pressurized liquid to transmit energy from an energy-generating source to an energy-use area. All hydraulic systems depend on Pascal’s law, named after Blaise Pascal, who discovered the law. This law states that pressurized fluid within a closed container-such as cylinder or pipe-exerts equal force on all of the surfaces of the container.
Hydraulic system mainly includes power components (oil), the implementation of co- mponents (oil cylinder or hydraulic motor), the control elements (all the), auxiliary components and working medium five parts.
1, power components (oil)  The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid into mechanical energy to the pressure;It is to power the entire hydraulic system.
2, the implementation of co- mponents (oil cylinder, hydraulic motor)  which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement.
3, the control elements  including pressure valve, flow valves and direction valves, etc. Their role is according to need to adjust the motive of the liquid stepless speed, and to work in hydraulic system of the liquid pressure, flow and flow to adjust control .
4, auxiliary components  in addition to the above three parts other than components, including the pressure gauge, oil filters, energy storage device, cooler, pipe fittings {mainly include: various kinds of pipe joint (enlarge mouth type, welding type, card set of type, sae flanged), high-pressure ball valve, quick change fittings, hose assemblies, pressure measuring joint, tube clamps etc} and fuel tank and so on, they also is very important.
   5, working medium  medium means all types of  the hydraulic oil or emulsion in the hydraulic transmission, it passes through the oil pump and liquid motivation realize energy conversion
For example the  directional control of the piston depends on which end of cylinder the liquid enters. As pressurized liquid enters one end of the cylinder, liquid must be drained from the other end. The drained liquid is led back to the reservoir. In a pneumatic system using air, the air in the ex-hausting end of the cylinder is vented to the atmosphere.
 Directional-control valves, also called two-way, three-way, four-way, etc. , are named in accordance with their basic function. Pressure-control and simple restrictor valves are usually two-way valves. They provide ON or OFF service. A three-way valves may perform several functions, all associated with the three-ports in the valve. For example, the power or pressurized liquid from a pump in a tractor may be sent to the hydraulic system serving the tractor’s front-end loader. Or the three-way valve may send the pressurized liquid to a hydraulic motor driving a feed conveyor while the front-end loader is not being used.
    Three-way valves may also be used to direct pressurized fluid to a single-acting hydraulic cylinder. As the three-way valve is actuated (operated) it can stop the pressurized flow to the cylinder. Further, the same valve can divert liquid from the cylinder to the reservoir, so the cylinder can retract by gravity or return springs and assume its original position.
Complete the whole design process need of work. First we should review of the literature, understand and familiar with design working conditions, the most important is to identify actuators main parameters, draws up the system theory sketches, computation select hydraulic components, the checking system performance, drawing parts drawing and assembly drawing, compile technical documents, and finally writing course design specification. In the first and the most important is to understand how to design of the hydraulic system, the action of solenoid order. At the same time, but must adhere to link theory with practice, and in practice continuously review and accumulate design experience, to relevant areas of scientific and technical workers and engaged in the production practice workers learning, the constant development and innovation, can build finish to mechanical design task.
As a wide application technology, hydraulic is a broad prospect in the future. Along with the development of computer, combination of the intelligent control technology, computer control technology and so on, hydraulic control system can play the role in more situations, can also be more delicate and flexibility to complete desired control task.
【Key words】Grinder;  Hydraulic System;   Hydraulic components;   Hydraulic pump;   Flow rate;  Pressure