數(shù)控加工中心動力頭及換刀機構(gòu)設計

包括論文，外文翻譯，cad圖紙

摘 要

科學技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，對機械產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)率提出了越來越高的要求，所有這些都依賴于機械加技術(shù)的進一步提高。機械加工工藝過程的自動化是實現(xiàn)上述要求的最主要的措施之一。所謂機械加工，就是把金屬毛坯零件加工成所需要的形狀，包含尺寸精度和幾何精度兩個方面。能完成以上功能的設備都稱為機床，數(shù)控機床就是在普通機床上發(fā)展過來的，數(shù)控的意思就是數(shù)字控制。給機床裝上數(shù)控系統(tǒng)后，機床就成了數(shù)控機床。數(shù)字控制機床是指用數(shù)字代碼形式的信息（程序指令），控制刀具按給定的工作程序、運動速度和軌跡進行自動加工的機床。我們一般所說的數(shù)控設備，主要是指數(shù)控機床和加工中心。數(shù)控加工中心是高度綜合的機電一體化產(chǎn)品,它在原有數(shù)控機床的基礎上，增加了刀庫和自動換刀裝置，充分利用不斷發(fā)展的計算機控制技術(shù)和其它和很多先進的精密機械和自動化控制系統(tǒng)組成。
1948年，美國帕森斯公司接受美國空軍委托，研制飛機螺旋槳葉片輪廓樣板的加工設備。由于樣板形狀復雜多樣，精度要求高，一般加工設備難以適應，于是提出計算機控制機床的設想。1949年，該公司在美國麻省理工學院（MIT）伺服機構(gòu)研究室的協(xié)助下，開始數(shù)控機床研究，并于1952年試制成功第一臺由大型立式仿形銑床改裝而成的三坐標數(shù)控銑床，不久即開始正式生產(chǎn)，于1957年正式投入使用。這是制造技術(shù)發(fā)展過程中的一個重大突破，標志著制造領(lǐng)域中數(shù)控加工時代的開始。數(shù)控加工是現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)的基礎，這一發(fā)明對于制造行業(yè)而言，具有劃時代的意義和深遠的影響。
“十一五”期間，隨著一系列關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的突破和自主生產(chǎn)能力的形成，我國開始突出“外國制造”的“重圍”，進入世界高速數(shù)控機床和高精度數(shù)控機床生產(chǎn)國的行列。在需求的拉動下，我國數(shù)控機床產(chǎn)量保持高速增長，年均復合增長率達到37.4%。2010年我國數(shù)控機床產(chǎn)量達到23.6萬臺，同比增長62.2%；2010年我國數(shù)控機床消費超過60億美元，臺數(shù)超過10萬臺，數(shù)控機床已成為機床消費的主流。2009年至今“高檔數(shù)控機床與基礎制造裝備”科技重大專項的持續(xù)投入，顯示了政府對于發(fā)展高檔數(shù)控機床與基礎制造裝備的決心?！笆濉逼陂g我國將持續(xù)投入，且力度加大，每年重大專項將帶動資金投入100億以上。
展望“十二五”，我國數(shù)控機床的發(fā)展將努力解決主機大而不強、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)和功能部件發(fā)展滯后、高檔數(shù)控機床關(guān)鍵技術(shù)差距大、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定性不高、行業(yè)整體經(jīng)濟效益差等問題，將培育核心競爭力、自主創(chuàng)新、量化融合以及品牌建設等方面提升到戰(zhàn)略高度，實現(xiàn)工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值8000億元的目標。并力爭通過10-15年的時間，實現(xiàn)由機床工具生產(chǎn)大國向機床工具強國轉(zhuǎn)變，實現(xiàn)國產(chǎn)中高檔數(shù)控機床在國內(nèi)市場占有主導地位等一系列中長期目標。發(fā)展的計算機控制技術(shù)和其它和很多先進的精密機械和自動化控制系統(tǒng)組成。

關(guān)鍵詞：數(shù)控機床；數(shù)控加工中心；三坐標數(shù)控銑床
 

Processing Center Power Head And Change Knife Mechanism Design
Author: YangGongShou
Jinggangshan University Electrical And Mechanical Engineering College,
Jiangxi  Ji’an  343009
Guiding Teacher: ZhaoHongXia

Abstract

【Abstract】The development of science and technology, the quality of the product of mechanical and productivity put forward more and more high demand, all of these are dependent on machinery and technology to improve. Mechanical processing process automation is the realization of the above requirements of one of the main measures. The so-called mechanical processing, metal processing is the blank parts into the shape of the need, including size accuracy and geometry precision two aspects. Can complete the above functions are called equipment machine, numerical control machine tool is in ordinary machine over the development, numerical control means digital control. To machine tool installed on the numerical control system, machine tool became numerical control machine. Digital control machine is to use digital code forms of information (program instruction), control tool with a working procedures, movement speed and trajectory to be automatic processing of machine tools. We usually say numerical control equipment, mainly is the index control machine tools and machining center. Nc machining center is highly integrated mechatronics products, it is in the original nc machine tools, and on the basis of increased knife library and automatically change the knife device, make full use of the continuous development of the computer control technology and other and a lot of advanced precision machinery and automation control systems.
In 1948, the United States pasonce company accept the United States air force, commissioned research plane propeller blades model outline of processing equipment. Due to complicated model shape, high accuracy, general processing equipment difficult to adapt to, and put forward the idea of computer control machine tools. In 1949, the company at the Massachusetts institute of technology (MIT) servo mechanism with the assistance of the laboratory, began to study numerical control machine, and in 1952 the first successfully trial-produced by large vertical nc-copy milling machine and a modified three coordinates CNC milling machine, soon started production, in 1957, and formally put into use. This is in the process of manufacturing technology development a significant breakthrough in the field of manufacturing marks the beginning of the nc machining era. Numerical control processing is the foundation of the modern manufacturing technology, the invention for manufacturing industry is concerned, epoch-making significance and far-reaching influence.
The "eleventh five-year plan" period, with a series of key technical breakthroughs and independent production ability of the form, our country begins to highlight the "foreign manufacturing" "from the trap", high-speed nc machine tools and enter the world of high precision CNC machine tools producers in. On the demand of pull, China CNC machine keep production growth, the compound annual growth rate reached 37.4%. In 2010, the numerical control machine tool production reached 236000 units, up 62.2%; In 2010, numerical control machine tool consume more than 6 billion us dollars, the Numbers more than 100000 sets, and numerical control machine tool has become the mainstream of the machine tool consumption. Since 2009 "high-grade nc machine tools and basic manufacturing equipment" science and technology major projects for investment, show the government for the development of top-grade numerical control machine manufacturing equipment and foundation of determination. "1025" during our country will continue into, and efforts to strengthen, every year, major projects will drive the capital investment of more than 10 billion.
Looking to "1025", our country the development of numerical control machine will work hard to solve the host big but not strong, numerical control system and function components development lag, the high-grade numerical control machine tool key technology gap is big, product quality is not high, the stability of the whole trade poor economic benefits, will cultivate the core competitive ability, the independent innovation, quantitative fusion and brand construction of ascension to the strategic height, realize the goal of industrial output value 800 billion yuan. And pushing for 10-15 years time, achieved by machine tool production country to machine tool power shift, achieve domestic high-grade nc machine tools in the domestic market, and a series of the dominant medium and long term goals. Development of computer control technology and other and a lot of advanced precision machinery and automation control systems.

[key words] Numerical controlled machine, CNC processing center, Three coordinates CNC milling machine.

目  錄

摘 要 1
Abstract 3
第1章 緒  論 7
§1.1  數(shù)控機床的產(chǎn)生 7
§1.2  數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展 7
§1.3  國內(nèi)外數(shù)控機床的發(fā)展 9
1.3.1 國內(nèi)數(shù)控機床的特點 9
1.3.2 國外數(shù)控機床的現(xiàn)狀 9
§1.4  數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向 10
第2章 數(shù)控加工技術(shù) 13
§2.1  什么是數(shù)控加工中心 14
§2.2  數(shù)控機床的組成和精度指標 14
2.2.1 數(shù)控機床的組成 14
2.2.2 數(shù)控機床常見精度及傳統(tǒng)檢測方法 16
§2.3  加工中心的工作原理 16
§2.4  數(shù)控機床的分類 17
2.4.1 按工藝用途分類 17
2.4.2 按控制運動的方式分類 17
2.4.3 按伺服系統(tǒng)的控制原理分類 18
2.4.4 按照功能水平分類 20
§2.5  數(shù)控機床的特點及適應范圍 20
2.5.1 數(shù)控機床的特點 20
2.5.2 數(shù)控機床的適用范圍 21
§2.6  加工中心的發(fā)展趨勢 21
2.6.1 立式加工中心 22
2.6.2 臥式加工中心 22
2.6.3 數(shù)控立式車床 23
第3章 主軸部分部件設計 24
§3.1  主軸電機及帶傳動的設計 24
3.1.1 主軸電機的選取 24
3.1.2 帶傳動計算 25
§3.2  主軸組件的設計 28
3.2.1 主軸的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸、材料等確定 29
3.2.2 軸的強度剛度校核計算 30
3.2.3 軸的彎曲剛度校核計算 31
§3.3  主軸軸承選擇與校核 32
3.3.1 軸承的選擇 32
3.3.2 主軸軸承的潤滑與密封 32
3.3.3 主軸的壽命計算 33
§3.4  主軸箱體的截面形狀和壁厚計算 34
§3.5  聯(lián)接鍵的選擇 34
第4章 換刀結(jié)構(gòu)設計 35
§4.1  控制方式的選擇 35
§4.2  自動換刀動作過程及控制原理 36
§4.3  液壓缸結(jié)構(gòu)型式的確定 37
§4.4  確定基本參數(shù) 40
§4.5  液壓缸強度和穩(wěn)定性計算 43
第5章 全文總結(jié) 49
參考文獻 50
致  謝 51