數(shù)控加工中心動(dòng)力頭及換刀機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)

包括論文，外文翻譯，cad圖紙

摘 要

科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，對(duì)機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)率提出了越來(lái)越高的要求，所有這些都依賴于機(jī)械加技術(shù)的進(jìn)一步提高。機(jī)械加工工藝過(guò)程的自動(dòng)化是實(shí)現(xiàn)上述要求的最主要的措施之一。所謂機(jī)械加工，就是把金屬毛坯零件加工成所需要的形狀，包含尺寸精度和幾何精度兩個(gè)方面。能完成以上功能的設(shè)備都稱為機(jī)床，數(shù)控機(jī)床就是在普通機(jī)床上發(fā)展過(guò)來(lái)的，數(shù)控的意思就是數(shù)字控制。給機(jī)床裝上數(shù)控系統(tǒng)后，機(jī)床就成了數(shù)控機(jī)床。數(shù)字控制機(jī)床是指用數(shù)字代碼形式的信息（程序指令），控制刀具按給定的工作程序、運(yùn)動(dòng)速度和軌跡進(jìn)行自動(dòng)加工的機(jī)床。我們一般所說(shuō)的數(shù)控設(shè)備，主要是指數(shù)控機(jī)床和加工中心。數(shù)控加工中心是高度綜合的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品,它在原有數(shù)控機(jī)床的基礎(chǔ)上，增加了刀庫(kù)和自動(dòng)換刀裝置，充分利用不斷發(fā)展的計(jì)算機(jī)控制技術(shù)和其它和很多先進(jìn)的精密機(jī)械和自動(dòng)化控制系統(tǒng)組成。
1948年，美國(guó)帕森斯公司接受美國(guó)空軍委托，研制飛機(jī)螺旋槳葉片輪廓樣板的加工設(shè)備。由于樣板形狀復(fù)雜多樣，精度要求高，一般加工設(shè)備難以適應(yīng)，于是提出計(jì)算機(jī)控制機(jī)床的設(shè)想。1949年，該公司在美國(guó)麻省理工學(xué)院（MIT）伺服機(jī)構(gòu)研究室的協(xié)助下，開(kāi)始數(shù)控機(jī)床研究，并于1952年試制成功第一臺(tái)由大型立式仿形銑床改裝而成的三坐標(biāo)數(shù)控銑床，不久即開(kāi)始正式生產(chǎn)，于1957年正式投入使用。這是制造技術(shù)發(fā)展過(guò)程中的一個(gè)重大突破，標(biāo)志著制造領(lǐng)域中數(shù)控加工時(shí)代的開(kāi)始。數(shù)控加工是現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)，這一發(fā)明對(duì)于制造行業(yè)而言，具有劃時(shí)代的意義和深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
“十一五”期間，隨著一系列關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的突破和自主生產(chǎn)能力的形成，我國(guó)開(kāi)始突出“外國(guó)制造”的“重圍”，進(jìn)入世界高速數(shù)控機(jī)床和高精度數(shù)控機(jī)床生產(chǎn)國(guó)的行列。在需求的拉動(dòng)下，我國(guó)數(shù)控機(jī)床產(chǎn)量保持高速增長(zhǎng)，年均復(fù)合增長(zhǎng)率達(dá)到37.4%。2010年我國(guó)數(shù)控機(jī)床產(chǎn)量達(dá)到23.6萬(wàn)臺(tái)，同比增長(zhǎng)62.2%；2010年我國(guó)數(shù)控機(jī)床消費(fèi)超過(guò)60億美元，臺(tái)數(shù)超過(guò)10萬(wàn)臺(tái)，數(shù)控機(jī)床已成為機(jī)床消費(fèi)的主流。2009年至今“高檔數(shù)控機(jī)床與基礎(chǔ)制造裝備”科技重大專項(xiàng)的持續(xù)投入，顯示了政府對(duì)于發(fā)展高檔數(shù)控機(jī)床與基礎(chǔ)制造裝備的決心?！笆濉逼陂g我國(guó)將持續(xù)投入，且力度加大，每年重大專項(xiàng)將帶動(dòng)資金投入100億以上。
展望“十二五”，我國(guó)數(shù)控機(jī)床的發(fā)展將努力解決主機(jī)大而不強(qiáng)、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)和功能部件發(fā)展滯后、高檔數(shù)控機(jī)床關(guān)鍵技術(shù)差距大、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定性不高、行業(yè)整體經(jīng)濟(jì)效益差等問(wèn)題，將培育核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力、自主創(chuàng)新、量化融合以及品牌建設(shè)等方面提升到戰(zhàn)略高度，實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值8000億元的目標(biāo)。并力爭(zhēng)通過(guò)10-15年的時(shí)間，實(shí)現(xiàn)由機(jī)床工具生產(chǎn)大國(guó)向機(jī)床工具強(qiáng)國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)變，實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)產(chǎn)中高檔數(shù)控機(jī)床在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)占有主導(dǎo)地位等一系列中長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)。發(fā)展的計(jì)算機(jī)控制技術(shù)和其它和很多先進(jìn)的精密機(jī)械和自動(dòng)化控制系統(tǒng)組成。

關(guān)鍵詞：數(shù)控機(jī)床；數(shù)控加工中心；三坐標(biāo)數(shù)控銑床
 

Processing Center Power Head And Change Knife Mechanism Design
Author: YangGongShou
Jinggangshan University Electrical And Mechanical Engineering College,
Jiangxi  Ji’an  343009
Guiding Teacher: ZhaoHongXia

Abstract

【Abstract】The development of science and technology, the quality of the product of mechanical and productivity put forward more and more high demand, all of these are dependent on machinery and technology to improve. Mechanical processing process automation is the realization of the above requirements of one of the main measures. The so-called mechanical processing, metal processing is the blank parts into the shape of the need, including size accuracy and geometry precision two aspects. Can complete the above functions are called equipment machine, numerical control machine tool is in ordinary machine over the development, numerical control means digital control. To machine tool installed on the numerical control system, machine tool became numerical control machine. Digital control machine is to use digital code forms of information (program instruction), control tool with a working procedures, movement speed and trajectory to be automatic processing of machine tools. We usually say numerical control equipment, mainly is the index control machine tools and machining center. Nc machining center is highly integrated mechatronics products, it is in the original nc machine tools, and on the basis of increased knife library and automatically change the knife device, make full use of the continuous development of the computer control technology and other and a lot of advanced precision machinery and automation control systems.
In 1948, the United States pasonce company accept the United States air force, commissioned research plane propeller blades model outline of processing equipment. Due to complicated model shape, high accuracy, general processing equipment difficult to adapt to, and put forward the idea of computer control machine tools. In 1949, the company at the Massachusetts institute of technology (MIT) servo mechanism with the assistance of the laboratory, began to study numerical control machine, and in 1952 the first successfully trial-produced by large vertical nc-copy milling machine and a modified three coordinates CNC milling machine, soon started production, in 1957, and formally put into use. This is in the process of manufacturing technology development a significant breakthrough in the field of manufacturing marks the beginning of the nc machining era. Numerical control processing is the foundation of the modern manufacturing technology, the invention for manufacturing industry is concerned, epoch-making significance and far-reaching influence.
The "eleventh five-year plan" period, with a series of key technical breakthroughs and independent production ability of the form, our country begins to highlight the "foreign manufacturing" "from the trap", high-speed nc machine tools and enter the world of high precision CNC machine tools producers in. On the demand of pull, China CNC machine keep production growth, the compound annual growth rate reached 37.4%. In 2010, the numerical control machine tool production reached 236000 units, up 62.2%; In 2010, numerical control machine tool consume more than 6 billion us dollars, the Numbers more than 100000 sets, and numerical control machine tool has become the mainstream of the machine tool consumption. Since 2009 "high-grade nc machine tools and basic manufacturing equipment" science and technology major projects for investment, show the government for the development of top-grade numerical control machine manufacturing equipment and foundation of determination. "1025" during our country will continue into, and efforts to strengthen, every year, major projects will drive the capital investment of more than 10 billion.
Looking to "1025", our country the development of numerical control machine will work hard to solve the host big but not strong, numerical control system and function components development lag, the high-grade numerical control machine tool key technology gap is big, product quality is not high, the stability of the whole trade poor economic benefits, will cultivate the core competitive ability, the independent innovation, quantitative fusion and brand construction of ascension to the strategic height, realize the goal of industrial output value 800 billion yuan. And pushing for 10-15 years time, achieved by machine tool production country to machine tool power shift, achieve domestic high-grade nc machine tools in the domestic market, and a series of the dominant medium and long term goals. Development of computer control technology and other and a lot of advanced precision machinery and automation control systems.

[key words] Numerical controlled machine, CNC processing center, Three coordinates CNC milling machine.

目  錄

摘 要 1
Abstract 3
第1章 緒  論 7
§1.1  數(shù)控機(jī)床的產(chǎn)生 7
§1.2  數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展 7
§1.3  國(guó)內(nèi)外數(shù)控機(jī)床的發(fā)展 9
1.3.1 國(guó)內(nèi)數(shù)控機(jī)床的特點(diǎn) 9
1.3.2 國(guó)外數(shù)控機(jī)床的現(xiàn)狀 9
§1.4  數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向 10
第2章 數(shù)控加工技術(shù) 13
§2.1  什么是數(shù)控加工中心 14
§2.2  數(shù)控機(jī)床的組成和精度指標(biāo) 14
2.2.1 數(shù)控機(jī)床的組成 14
2.2.2 數(shù)控機(jī)床常見(jiàn)精度及傳統(tǒng)檢測(cè)方法 16
§2.3  加工中心的工作原理 16
§2.4  數(shù)控機(jī)床的分類 17
2.4.1 按工藝用途分類 17
2.4.2 按控制運(yùn)動(dòng)的方式分類 17
2.4.3 按伺服系統(tǒng)的控制原理分類 18
2.4.4 按照功能水平分類 20
§2.5  數(shù)控機(jī)床的特點(diǎn)及適應(yīng)范圍 20
2.5.1 數(shù)控機(jī)床的特點(diǎn) 20
2.5.2 數(shù)控機(jī)床的適用范圍 21
§2.6  加工中心的發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 21
2.6.1 立式加工中心 22
2.6.2 臥式加工中心 22
2.6.3 數(shù)控立式車床 23
第3章 主軸部分部件設(shè)計(jì) 24
§3.1  主軸電機(jī)及帶傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì) 24
3.1.1 主軸電機(jī)的選取 24
3.1.2 帶傳動(dòng)計(jì)算 25
§3.2  主軸組件的設(shè)計(jì) 28
3.2.1 主軸的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸、材料等確定 29
3.2.2 軸的強(qiáng)度剛度校核計(jì)算 30
3.2.3 軸的彎曲剛度校核計(jì)算 31
§3.3  主軸軸承選擇與校核 32
3.3.1 軸承的選擇 32
3.3.2 主軸軸承的潤(rùn)滑與密封 32
3.3.3 主軸的壽命計(jì)算 33
§3.4  主軸箱體的截面形狀和壁厚計(jì)算 34
§3.5  聯(lián)接鍵的選擇 34
第4章 換刀結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 35
§4.1  控制方式的選擇 35
§4.2  自動(dòng)換刀動(dòng)作過(guò)程及控制原理 36
§4.3  液壓缸結(jié)構(gòu)型式的確定 37
§4.4  確定基本參數(shù) 40
§4.5  液壓缸強(qiáng)度和穩(wěn)定性計(jì)算 43
第5章 全文總結(jié) 49
參考文獻(xiàn) 50
致  謝 51