電廠風機的應用及故障分析

摘    要
機械故障診斷是上世紀六七十年底產(chǎn)生并發(fā)展起來的一門綜合性邊緣學科。隨著科學技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，生產(chǎn)設(shè)備越來越復雜，自動化水平越來越高，故障診斷的難度明顯增大。因此，研究和開發(fā)高效、使用的機械故障診斷技術(shù)，不僅是現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)及設(shè)備制造自動化的需要，也是現(xiàn)代機械設(shè)備運行維護和管理的一個課題。
風機是一種從動的流體機械，廣泛應用于隧道、地下車庫、高級民用建筑、冶金、廠礦、電廠等場所的通風換氣及消防高溫排煙。風機的工作是以輸出流量，產(chǎn)生全壓、所需功率及效率等參數(shù)來體現(xiàn)的，這些工作參數(shù)之間存在著相應的關(guān)系。在發(fā)電廠中，需要許多風機同時配合主機工作，才能使整個機組正常運轉(zhuǎn)、生產(chǎn)電能，這些風機有離心式、軸流式、混流式等多種形式，風機輸送的流體有凝結(jié)水、冷卻水、潤滑油、酸堿類等液體，空氣、煙氣等氣體。送風機、引風機使火力發(fā)電廠中的重要輔助設(shè)備，它們對于火力發(fā)電廠的安全、經(jīng)濟生產(chǎn)起著重要的作用。風機在發(fā)電廠的熱力系統(tǒng)中，如人體的心臟一樣，不斷地在循環(huán)系統(tǒng)中工作，同時，近年來大容量火力發(fā)電機組在我國迅速發(fā)展，大型電站風機的可靠性直接關(guān)系到發(fā)電機組的安全運行和電廠的經(jīng)濟效益等。
   本課題在現(xiàn)有風機性能試驗臺的基礎(chǔ)上，利用電子技術(shù)、計算機技術(shù)、數(shù)據(jù)處理技術(shù)及組態(tài)軟件技術(shù)向結(jié)合，研究并設(shè)計了一套計算機輔助風機性能自動測試與數(shù)據(jù)處理及管理系統(tǒng)。
   風機剛開始工作時軸承部位的振動很小，但是隨著運轉(zhuǎn)時間的加長，風機內(nèi)粉塵會不均勻的附著在葉輪上，逐漸破壞風機的動平衡，使軸承振動逐漸加大，一旦振動達到風機允許的最大值11mm/s時（用振幅值表示的最大允許值如下），風機必須停機修理（清除粉塵堆積，重做動平衡）。因為這時已是非常危險的，用戶千萬不可強行使用。在風機振動接近危險值時，有測振儀表的會報警。
關(guān)鍵詞：風機；流體機械；機械故障診斷

Abstract
Mechanical fault diagnosis is the last century at the end of sixty or seventy the establishment and development of a comprehensive interdisciplinary. With the development of science and technology, the production equipment is more and more complex, more and more high level of automation, fault diagnosis significantly increases the difficulty. Therefore, the research and development of high efficiency, the use of the mechanical fault diagnosis technology, is not only the modernization of production equipment manufacturing and automation needs, is also the modern mechanical equipment maintenance and management of a project.
The fan is a follower of fluid machinery, widely used in tunnels, underground garage, senior civil construction, metallurgy, mining, power plants and other places of ventilation and fire of high temperature flue gas. The working air fan is to output flow, total pressure, the required power and efficiency of parameter to reflect, these parameters corresponding relationship exists between. In the power plant, need a lot of fans at the same time with the main work, in order to make the normal operation of the machine set, the production of electric energy, the fan is centrifugal, axial flow, mixed flow type and so on many kinds of forms, fan for conveying a fluid has condensed water, cooling water, oil, acid and other liquid, air, flue gas. Fan, fan so that the thermal power plant the important auxiliary equipment of thermal power plant, the safety, economic production plays an important role in. Fan in power plant thermodynamic system, such as the human body heart, constantly in the circulation system, at the same time, in recent years, large capacity fossil power unit develops rapidly in China, large power wind turbine reliability directly related to the safe operation of generating set and electric power plant economic benefits.
The issue of the existing fan performance test bed based on, use of electronic technology, computer technology, data processing technology and configuration software technology to combine, study and design a set of computer auxiliary ventilator performance automatic testing and data processing and management system.
Fan at the beginning of work part of bearing vibration is small, but as the running time longer, fan dust will not even attached to the impeller, the gradual destruction of fan dynamic balance, so that the bearing vibration increase gradually, once the vibration to fan the maximum allowed11mm/s ( amplitude value representation the maximum allowable values below), the wind turbine must be shut down repair ( removal of dust accumulation, redo dynamic balance ). Because it was very dangerous, users should never be forced to use. In fan vibration approaches the dangerous value, measuring instrument with alarm.
Key words: wind turbine; fluid machinery; machinery fault diagnosis
 
目    錄
摘    要 I
引    言 1
1熱力發(fā)電廠的設(shè)備及其發(fā)電原理 2
1.1熱力發(fā)電廠主要設(shè)備 2
1.2熱電廠發(fā)電原理 3
1.2.1汽水系統(tǒng) 3
1.2.2燃燒系統(tǒng) 3
1.2.3 發(fā)電系統(tǒng) 4
2風機在電廠中的應用 5
2.1風機的分類 5
2.2離心式風機和軸流式風機 6
2.2.1離心式風機 6
2.2.2軸流式風機 7
2.2.3離心式風機和軸流式風機的比較 8
2.3送風機的作用 8
2.4送風機的結(jié)構(gòu) 9
2.5風機在電廠中的應用 9
3風機的性能、結(jié)構(gòu)及其工作原理 10
3.1風機的性能 10
3.1.1風機在電廠中的應用 11
3.1.2風機的測試參數(shù)的選定 11
3.1.3曲線擬合 11
3.2風機的結(jié)構(gòu) 12
3.3電廠風機的工作原理 13
4電廠風機的日常維護與保養(yǎng) 14
4.1葉輪的維護與保養(yǎng) 14
4.2機殼與進氣室維修 14
4.3軸承部的維護保養(yǎng) 14
4.4風機的維護 14
5電廠風機常見的故障分析 16
5.1風機的主要故障原因 16
5.1.1風機的主要故障 16
5.1.2風機的故障排除 20
5.2風機振動故障原因分析 23
5.3電廠風機常見故障 24
5.4電場風機喘振的條件 25
5.5電廠風機的調(diào)試 25
5.6風機的安裝 25
5.6.1安裝前的準備 25
5.6.2注意事項 26
6電廠風機的節(jié)能改造 27
結(jié)    論 29
致    謝 31