多方向太陽能收集控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)

包括電路原理圖

摘  要
　　　在太陽能光伏發(fā)電領(lǐng)域，為了降低成本，提高太陽能利用率就必須跟蹤太陽。利用廉價(jià)的光敏電阻和SPCE061A單片機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)了一種多方向太陽能收集控制系統(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了大范圍高精度地跟蹤太陽。分析了太陽運(yùn)行規(guī)律，在綜合分析目前各種太陽能發(fā)電系統(tǒng)跟蹤方法特點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，提出了兩級(jí)跟蹤傳感器方案。傳統(tǒng)一級(jí)跟蹤傳感器可在一定角度范圍內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)高精度跟蹤太陽,易出現(xiàn)丟失太陽的情況。為了將跟蹤范圍擴(kuò)大，在一級(jí)傳感器精定位跟蹤的基礎(chǔ)上，增加了一級(jí)傳感器進(jìn)行粗定位跟蹤。當(dāng)跟蹤傳感器的中軸線與太陽光線的夾角很大時(shí)，先采用粗定位傳感器跟蹤太陽，直到中軸線與太陽光線的夾角在精定位跟蹤角度范圍內(nèi)，再采用精定位傳感器跟蹤太陽，直到傳感器跟蹤裝置的中軸線正對(duì)太陽，這樣便實(shí)現(xiàn)了高精度、多方向太陽能收集。完成了傳感器跟蹤系統(tǒng)的硬件和軟件設(shè)計(jì)，經(jīng)試驗(yàn)系統(tǒng)的高度角和方位角跟蹤范圍達(dá)到180°和270°，跟蹤精度可以達(dá)到1°。兩級(jí)傳感器跟蹤裝置可用于聚光光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)、碟式太陽能熱發(fā)電系統(tǒng)和塔式太陽能熱發(fā)電系統(tǒng),具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、成本低廉等特點(diǎn)。

關(guān)鍵詞：太陽能；多方向收集；兩級(jí)跟蹤傳感器；光敏元件
Abstract
　　　In the solar application system，a solar-tracing device which is simple，inexpensive，but with high precision is being sought．The problem of large range tracing is discussed in this thesis．Then a tracing device composed of light sensors and MCU ,SPCE061A is developed．
The tracing of the sun and kinds of working states of the tracing-devices are discussed in this thesis．Analyzing the characteristics of tracing devices being used in kinds of solar generation systems，a tracing device--two level tracing sensors is designed．Exact orientation tracing can be achieved in the limited angle range with one traditional group of sensors．To enlarge the tracing range，another group of sensors should be added which Can carry out rough orientation tracing．When the included angle between the axis of tracing sensors and sun ray is very large，rough orientation sensors start working until the included angle is in the range of exact orientation tracing．Then exact orientation sensors start working until the axis is parallel with the sun ray．As a result，a large range and high precision tracing are realized by the two level tracing sensors．According to the analysis of kinds of functions possessed by the sensor-tracing device，hardware and software design has finished．A simple tracing device is made to make some experiments with the two level tracing sensors，the interpretation of which is that the tracing precision Can achieve 1°and the tracing range is 180°in elevation and 270°in azimuth．This two level sensor-tracing device is not only inexpensive，but also with simple structure，which Can be used in concentrical photovoltaic solar energy generation，disk solar energy thermal-generation and tower solar energy thermal-generation．

Key words：Solar energy；A large range tracing；Two level tracing sensors；Light sensors
目  錄
摘要 I
Abstract II

第 1 章  緒論 1
1.1  課題背景及意義 1
1.2  多方向太陽能收集研究現(xiàn)狀 1
1.3  設(shè)計(jì)主要內(nèi)容 2
第 2 章  總體方案設(shè)計(jì) 4
2.1  太陽運(yùn)行規(guī)律 4
  2.1.1  地球的公轉(zhuǎn)與赤緯角 4
  2.1.2  地球的自轉(zhuǎn)與太陽時(shí) 4
2.2  跟蹤方案的選擇 5 
  2.2.1  視日運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡跟蹤 5
  2.2.2  光電跟蹤 6
  2.2.3  視日運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡跟蹤和光電跟蹤相結(jié)合 7
  2.2.4  設(shè)計(jì)跟蹤方案 7
2.3  系統(tǒng)總體方案設(shè)計(jì) 8
  2.3.1  多方向太陽能收集控制系統(tǒng)組成 8
  2.3.2  控制系統(tǒng)主要元器件選型 8
第 3 章  系統(tǒng)硬件設(shè)計(jì) 11
3.1  機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 11
3.2  光電傳感器設(shè)計(jì) 12
  3.2.1  光電傳感器結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 12
  3.2.2  光電傳感器信號(hào)處理單元 13
3.3  系統(tǒng)電源設(shè)計(jì) 15
3.4  伺服模塊電路設(shè)計(jì) 15
3.5  角度傳感器接口電路 16
3.6  風(fēng)速傳感器接口電路 16
3.7  通信模塊電路設(shè)計(jì) 17
第 4 章  系統(tǒng)軟件設(shè)計(jì) 18
4.1  主程序設(shè)計(jì) 18
4.2  鍵盤消抖 19
4.3  模擬量采集軟件設(shè)計(jì) 19
4.4  電機(jī)控制程序設(shè)計(jì) 20
第 5 章  系統(tǒng)調(diào)試 22
5.1  主要硬件的調(diào)試 22
  5.1.1  太陽位置傳感器的調(diào)試 22
  5.1.2  輸入顯示模塊的調(diào)試 22
  5.1.3  電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)器的調(diào)試 23
5.2  整體調(diào)試 23
  5.2.1  人工模擬太陽調(diào)試 23
  5.2.2  室外測(cè)試 24
結(jié)論 25
參考文獻(xiàn) 26
附錄 27