電熱水暖恒溫自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)
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摘要
溫度是電熱水暖控制的主要被控參數(shù)之一，可是由于溫度自身的一些特點(diǎn),如慣性大，滯后現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重，難以建立精確的數(shù)學(xué)模型等,給控制過程帶來了難題。本文研究合適的控制方案對(duì)電熱水暖溫度進(jìn)行控制，技術(shù)要求是調(diào)節(jié)時(shí)間短，超調(diào)量為零且穩(wěn)態(tài)誤差在±1℃內(nèi)。對(duì)電熱水暖這樣一個(gè)被控對(duì)象進(jìn)行控制，有很多方案可選。首選的方案是 PID 控制，因?yàn)樗?jiǎn)單，容易實(shí)現(xiàn)，在大多數(shù)情況下可以滿足性能要求，目前，PID 控制仍占 80%以上。它有可消除穩(wěn)態(tài)誤差的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。PID 控制的性能取決于參數(shù)的整定情況，對(duì)那些對(duì)象模型復(fù)雜和模型難以確定的控制系統(tǒng)，具有很大的局限性，而且它的快速性和超調(diào)量之間的矛盾關(guān)系，使它不一定能滿足調(diào)節(jié)時(shí)間短、超調(diào)小的技術(shù)要求。本文設(shè)計(jì)了以8031單片機(jī)為核心的溫度控制器，選用 Pt100 為溫度傳感器，采用ADC0809 為 A/D 轉(zhuǎn)換器件,同時(shí)由過零觸發(fā)光電耦合器件 MOC3061 和晶閘管 BTA20 構(gòu)成驅(qū)動(dòng)執(zhí)行單元，由按鍵、LED 數(shù)碼顯示器及報(bào)警單元等組成人機(jī)聯(lián)系電路。在進(jìn)行硬件設(shè)計(jì)的同時(shí)，也設(shè)計(jì)了相應(yīng)軟件程序流程圖。

關(guān)鍵詞：溫度；PID 控制；8031單片機(jī)；Pt100溫度傳感器；ADC0809轉(zhuǎn)換器


Abstract


Temperature is one of the main parameters controlled in the electric water heater,But it is very difficult to control temperature well because of some characteristics of the temperature itself. For example temperature’s inertia is great,it’s time-lag is serious and it is difficult to establish accurate mathematical model of the object. This paper is to study an adapt control method to control the temperature of the electric water heater,the technology demand of control method is:the regulating time must be short, the overshoot must be zero and steady-state error must be in ±1℃.For the electric oven, there are many control methods to be selected.The first is the PID method. It is simple and easily realized. In most cases, it can meet the control demand. At present, in all of the control methods in use, the PID method still accounts for over 80 percent. It has the advantage to eliminate the steady-state error. Its efficiency depends on it parameters. In terms of those control objects whose models are complicated or are established difficultly, the PID method has very great limitation. Moreover,because of the conflict between quickness and the small overshoot, PID control cannot meet control demand.Second method can be fuzzy control, because it has the advantage of quickness, In the paper 8031 is used as controller, Pt100 is used as temperature sensor, and ADC0809 is used as A/D converter, because of it’s precision being high and anti-interference ability being strong. Performance unit is composed of photoelectrical coupler MOC3061 and TRIACS BTA20.Man-machine circuit is composed of buttons, LED and warning unit, etc.While the hardware circuit is designed, the corresponding procedure flow chart is alsodesigned.

Key words: Temperature ；PID Control；8031；Pt100 temperature sensor；ADC0809A/D converter


針對(duì)單片機(jī)在電熱水暖恒溫自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用，本文共分5章，依次介紹了其1.硬件電路設(shè)計(jì)方法及原則、2.單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方案幾分析、3.溫度檢測(cè)與控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方案、4.系統(tǒng)軟件控制以及5.單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)調(diào)試。通過這5章對(duì)單片機(jī)在電熱水暖恒溫自動(dòng)控制方面的介紹、設(shè)計(jì)與分析，讓我們了解到單片機(jī)在自動(dòng)恒溫控制中的實(shí)際可行性和主導(dǎo)性。



目 錄


第一章.硬件電路設(shè)計(jì)方法及原則 - 1 -
1.1 硬件電路設(shè)計(jì)單片機(jī)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用 - 1 -
1.2 單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)硬件電路的組成及設(shè)計(jì)原則 - 2 -
1.2.1單片機(jī)硬件電路的組成 - 2 -
1.2.2單片機(jī)硬件設(shè)計(jì)的原則 - 2 -
1.3 單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的可靠性設(shè)計(jì) - 3 -
第二章 單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方案與分析 - 5 -
2.1硬件電路的整機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu) - 5 -
2.2系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中用到的元器件介紹 - 6 -
2.2.1 8031單片機(jī) - 6 -
2.2.2 A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器的選擇 - 7 -
2.2.3地址鎖存器的選擇 - 9 -
2.2.4 2864A芯片 - 10 -
2.2.5 8155可編程接口芯片 - 10 -
2.2.6 X25045芯片簡(jiǎn)介 - 12 -
2.2.7 DAC0832轉(zhuǎn)換器 - 14 -
2.3 5V直流穩(wěn)壓電源電路設(shè)計(jì) - 15 -
2.4 單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) - 16 -
2.4.1 看門狗電路設(shè)計(jì) - 16 -
2.4.1.1 看們狗電路簡(jiǎn)介 - 16 -
2.4.1.2 X25045看門狗電路設(shè)計(jì) - 17 -
2.4.2 ADC0809與8031的接口 - 20 -
2.4.2.1以查詢方式實(shí)現(xiàn)與8031的接口 - 20 -
2.4.2.2以中斷方式與8031單片機(jī)的接口 - 21 -
2.4.3 DAC0832與8031的接口電路 - 21 -
2.4.4 LED動(dòng)態(tài)顯示電路 - 23 -
2.4.5 獨(dú)立式按鍵電路 - 24 -
第三章 溫度檢測(cè)與控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方案 - 25 -
3.1 系統(tǒng)所用到的元器件介紹 - 25 -
3.1.1 固態(tài)繼電器 - 25 -
3.1.2 BT102發(fā)光二級(jí)管 - 27 -
3.1.3 溫度傳感器PT100 - 27 -
3.2 溫度檢測(cè)電路設(shè)計(jì) - 29 -
3.3 溫度控制電路設(shè)計(jì) - 33 -
3.4 報(bào)警電路設(shè)計(jì) - 34 -
3.5 硬件電路圖及工作原理 - 35 -
第四章.系統(tǒng)軟件程序控制 - 39 -
4.1軟件可靠性設(shè)計(jì) - 39 -
4.1.1 數(shù)字濾波技術(shù) - 39 -
4.1.2 CPU的抗干擾方法 - 40 -
4.2 系統(tǒng)軟件程序設(shè)計(jì) - 41 -
4.2.1軟件程序流程圖 - 41 -
4.2.2 溫度控制程序 - 42 -
4.2.3 PID計(jì)算子程序清單 - 43 -
4.2.4 ADC0809與8031的接口程序 - 49 -
4.2.5 DAC0832與8031的接口程序 - 51 -
4.2.6 與單片機(jī)接口的聲音報(bào)警電路程序 - 53 -
4.2.7 看門狗電路程序設(shè)計(jì) - 54 -
4.2.8 6位動(dòng)態(tài)LED顯示程序 - 59 -
4.2.9 獨(dú)立式按鍵的軟件實(shí)現(xiàn) - 61 -
4.3.0 系統(tǒng)程序流程總圖 - 63 -
第五章.單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的調(diào)試 - 64 -
5.1 單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)中常見的故障 - 64 -
5.1.1 單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)常見的硬件故障 - 64 -
5.1.2 單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)中常見軟件的錯(cuò)誤類型 - 65 -
5.2 單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的仿真調(diào)試 - 65 -
參考文獻(xiàn) - 67 -
設(shè)計(jì)總結(jié) - 68 -
致謝 - 69 -



參考文獻(xiàn)
4.《數(shù)字電子技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)簡(jiǎn)明教程》……清華大學(xué)電子學(xué)教研組、余孟嘗..第二版.高等教育出版社.
5.《單片機(jī)原理與應(yīng)用》……朱月秀、濮陽檳、駱經(jīng)備 科學(xué)出版社.
6.《自動(dòng)控制理論》浙江大學(xué)、鄒伯敏 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.
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