電動(dòng)汽車他勵(lì)直流電動(dòng)機(jī)控制器設(shè)計(jì)

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摘要 在當(dāng)前全球汽車工業(yè)面臨金融危機(jī)和能源環(huán)境問(wèn)題的巨大挑戰(zhàn)的情況下，發(fā)展電動(dòng)汽車，利用無(wú)污染的綠色能源，實(shí)現(xiàn)能源動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)的電氣化，推動(dòng)傳統(tǒng)汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型，在國(guó)際上己經(jīng)形成了廣泛共識(shí)。
本課題以電動(dòng)汽車他勵(lì)電機(jī)控制器為例，以實(shí)現(xiàn)電動(dòng)汽車的加、減速、檢測(cè)等基本功能。以開(kāi)發(fā)出高可靠性、高性能指標(biāo)、低成本并且具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的電動(dòng)汽車電動(dòng)機(jī)控制器為目的。本論文重點(diǎn)討論了基于STC12C5A60S2的他勵(lì)電機(jī)電動(dòng)汽車控制器的全部設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)。其中包括：系統(tǒng)的總體設(shè)計(jì)、控制系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計(jì)、硬件設(shè)計(jì)以及程序的框圖設(shè)計(jì)。
在驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)硬件設(shè)計(jì)中，驅(qū)動(dòng)模塊釆用多MOSFET并聯(lián)的方式，有效的節(jié)約了成本。選用IR公司的IR2110作為驅(qū)動(dòng)芯片，以及直接驅(qū)動(dòng)的方式。在本文中，利用單片機(jī)的PWM信號(hào)以實(shí)現(xiàn)直流電機(jī)的速度控制。對(duì)于電流檢測(cè)模塊，本文沒(méi)有釆用電流傳感器，而是釆用了一種基于MOSFET管壓降的電流檢測(cè)電路,并通過(guò)運(yùn)算放大器放大信號(hào)后直接送入單片機(jī)分析，這種方式即節(jié)約了成本，也保證了檢測(cè)精度。
驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的程序框圖設(shè)計(jì)中，主要實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能為：開(kāi)關(guān)量的檢測(cè)處理、故障檢測(cè)、勵(lì)磁和電樞控制、報(bào)警功能等。針對(duì)他勵(lì)電機(jī)的控制特性，整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的軟件部分采用模塊化設(shè)計(jì),使系統(tǒng)軟件結(jié)構(gòu)更具有條理性，增強(qiáng)了程序的可移植性、可讀性和查找錯(cuò)誤的方便性。

關(guān)鍵字：直流電動(dòng)機(jī) 硬件設(shè)計(jì) 單片機(jī) MOSFET

The design of electric vehicle DC motor controller
Abstract: As the global auto industry is facing the great challenge of financial crisis and energy or environmental issues.it has been recognized internationally that the development of electric vehicles, the use of pollution-free energy, the electrification of power systems and promoting traditional auto industry strategic transformation are of great significance.
This project is based on the electric vehicle DC motor controller to achieve some basic functions of vehicles such as speeding up, deceleration and detection .Aiming at developing the electric vehicle motor controller which is of high reliability, good performance index, low cost and proprietary intellectual property right. This paper focuses on the design of electric vehicle DC motor controller based on STC12C5A60S2 .It consists of the system overall design, the control system design, hardware design and program diagram.
In the hardware part, driver module adopts multi MOSFET in parallel saving cost efficiently. We choose the IR2110 from IR company, driving directly. Utilizing PWM signal of single chip .As for the current detection module, we use a current detecting circuit based on MOSFET voltage drop instead of current sensor. After amplifying signal by operating amplifier, the signal is sent to single chip directly, which can save cost as well as ensure the detection accuracy.
The program diagram of driving system can realize some main functions, for instance, detecting and processing the switch quantity, fault detection, excitation and armature control and alarm function. According to the control characteristics of separately excited motor, the software part of the whole system uses the modular design, which makes the software structure more rational and enhances the program’s portability, readability and convenience to checking errors.

Keywords ： DC motor , Hardware design, Single chip microcomputer ,MOSFET

目 錄
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 引言 1
1.2 課題研究的目的和意義 2
1.3 開(kāi)發(fā)的可行性 2
第二章 他勵(lì)電動(dòng)機(jī)的控制理論基礎(chǔ) 3
2.1 直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的基本工作原理及其分類 3
2.2 直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu) 3
2.3 直流電動(dòng)機(jī)工作原理 4
2.4 直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的分類及他勵(lì)直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的特性 5
2.5 電動(dòng)機(jī)的基本公式介紹 5
2.6 直流電動(dòng)機(jī)調(diào)速 6
2.7 他勵(lì)直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的單片機(jī)控制 7
第三章 控制系統(tǒng)的硬件設(shè)計(jì) 9
3.1 電動(dòng)機(jī)控制器的基本結(jié)構(gòu) 9
3.2 主控芯片STC12C5A60S2的介紹 9
3.2.1 STC12C5A60S2的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu) 9
3.2.2 STC12C5A60S2單片機(jī)引腳介紹 10
3.3 電源回路模塊 13
3.4 驅(qū)動(dòng)電路的設(shè)計(jì) 13
3.4.1 MOSFET的介紹和驅(qū)動(dòng)選擇 13
3.4.2 電動(dòng)機(jī)勵(lì)磁繞組的驅(qū)動(dòng) 14
3.4.3 電樞驅(qū)動(dòng)電路 17
3.5 電流檢測(cè)模塊 17
3.5.1 MOSFET電流檢測(cè)原理 18
3.5.2 電樞電流檢測(cè)模塊 18
3.5.3 勵(lì)磁電流檢測(cè)模塊 19
3.6 電池電壓檢測(cè)模塊 20
3.7 加速踏板信號(hào)電路模塊 21
3.8 蜂鳴器報(bào)警電路模塊 21
3.9 控制正反檔位控制電路模塊 22
3.10 本章小結(jié) 22
第四章 控制系統(tǒng)的軟件設(shè)計(jì) 23
4.1 主程序的框圖設(shè)計(jì) 23
4.2 定時(shí)中斷的框圖設(shè)計(jì) 24
4.3 控制模塊的框圖設(shè)計(jì) 26
4.3.1 電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)最大轉(zhuǎn)矩控制方法 26
4.3.2 控制模塊的設(shè)計(jì)原則 27
4.3.3 控制模塊的框圖設(shè)計(jì) 27
4.4 本章小結(jié) 29
第五章 總結(jié) 30
致謝 32
參考文獻(xiàn) 33