貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義演進(jìn)及中國應(yīng)對(duì)策略      

國際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易論文，包括外文翻譯

摘  要
縱觀國際貿(mào)易的發(fā)展史，不論是在自由貿(mào)易時(shí)期、壟斷時(shí)期，還是經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化時(shí)代，貿(mào)易保護(hù)都是一種事實(shí)上的常態(tài)，活躍于國際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易的各個(gè)歷史舞臺(tái)。每一歷史階段，不同的國家都通過不同的國際貿(mào)易理論、政策與制度體現(xiàn)了貿(mào)易保護(hù)的特定功能與歷史作用，清晰地展現(xiàn)了貿(mào)易保護(hù)制度在理論上從重商主義到新貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義、在政策上從單純的貿(mào)易保護(hù)到有保護(hù)的自由貿(mào)易、在制度形式上從關(guān)稅制度到非關(guān)稅制度、在制度范圍上從一國內(nèi)的措施到國家之間的協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制的產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展與演變的客觀歷史過程。歷史的規(guī)律為我們把握現(xiàn)實(shí)與未來奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的現(xiàn)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。研究歷史，認(rèn)清現(xiàn)狀，對(duì)于我國政府和企業(yè)界具有十分重要的意義。我國政府和企業(yè)必須清醒地認(rèn)識(shí)到貿(mào)易保護(hù)制度客觀存在的現(xiàn)實(shí)，認(rèn)真探討應(yīng)對(duì)貿(mào)易保護(hù)制度的措施。
本文總結(jié)了貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義的歷史演變過程，分析了理論產(chǎn)生的背景，在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)該理論的實(shí)施內(nèi)容和保護(hù)手段進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的歸納總結(jié)。然后，剖析了貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義產(chǎn)生的原因及其發(fā)展的特點(diǎn)，探討了中國在對(duì)外貿(mào)易中所遭受到的貿(mào)易摩擦的類型及其成因，最后提出中國應(yīng)對(duì)貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義的策略：加強(qiáng)國內(nèi)立法和執(zhí)法等措施。

關(guān)鍵詞：貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義；演進(jìn)；應(yīng)對(duì)策略

 
Abstract
According to the development of the international trade history, the trade protectionism plays a significant role in each stage ranging from the free trade time, monopoly time to the economic globalization time. With looks back on the background and the theories of the legal system of the trade protection and collecting laws and regulations relating to the trade protection in the main countries，the legal characteristics and the implementing impact of the legal system of trade protection in different stages are analyzed. The theories of the legal system of the trade protection are from the mercantile system to the new protectionism. The trade protection policy is from pure trade protection to the free trade policy with trade protection. And the process of forms and scope of the system is also clear.
The historical rule will grasp the reality and the future for us has laid the solid realistic foundation. The research on history, clearly recognizes the present situation, and has the very vital significance regarding to our country Government and the business community. China Government and the enterprises must realize the reality of the existence of the trade protection system and discuss earnestly to deal with the trade protection system's measure.
This thesis summarizes the historical process of trade protectionism and introduces the background of this theory. Based on that, the content and the methods of protectionism are concluded in detail. And then this dissertation analyzes the characteristics of the protectionism’s causes and development processes. Finally, the countermeasures of coping with the protectionism are given after introducing the trade friction encountered by China during the foreign trade.

Keywords：Trade protectionism; Evolution; Strategy

 
目  錄
1 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景及意義 1
1.2 國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀分析 2
1.2.1 國內(nèi)現(xiàn)階段對(duì)貿(mào)易保護(hù)和貿(mào)易政策的研究 2
1.2.2 貿(mào)易保護(hù)制度的演進(jìn)階段 3
1.2.3 關(guān)于應(yīng)對(duì)貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義的措施研究 4
1.3 研究的思路與方法 5
2 國際貿(mào)易保護(hù)政策的演進(jìn) 7
2.1 資本原始積累時(shí)期：重商主義的貿(mào)易保護(hù) 7
2.2 自由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)資本主義時(shí)期：后起的資本主義國家的幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)保護(hù)論 8
2.2.1 亞歷山大•漢密爾頓的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義思想 8
2.2.2 弗里德里希•李斯特的保護(hù)幼稚工業(yè)思想 9
2.3 資本主義壟斷時(shí)期：凱恩斯主義的新重商主義 11
2.4 戰(zhàn)后世界貿(mào)易自由化傾向時(shí)期：發(fā)展中國家的貿(mào)易保護(hù) 12
2.5 新貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義 14
3 當(dāng)代貿(mào)易保護(hù)措施的新特點(diǎn) 16
3.1 貿(mào)易保護(hù)措施被“濫用” 16
3.1.1 關(guān)稅措施的濫用 16
3.1.2 救濟(jì)措施濫用 16
3.1.3 產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)濫用 16
3.1.4 匯率政策濫用 17
3.1.5 許可措施濫用 17
3.2 保護(hù)范圍的廣泛性 17
3.3 政府干預(yù)的主動(dòng)性 17
3.4 保護(hù)手段更加多樣性 18
3.5 保護(hù)方式更加區(qū)域性 18
4 我國所遭遇主要的貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端分析 20
4.1 遭遇頻繁的反傾銷為主的貿(mào)易救濟(jì)訴訟 20
4.2 遭遇技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘 21
4.3 知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)爭(zhēng)端成為新的貿(mào)易壁壘 22
4.4 遭遇“歧視性政府采購”的損害 22
4.5 利用信息不對(duì)稱對(duì)中國產(chǎn)品“抹黑” 23
5 我國應(yīng)該采取的應(yīng)對(duì)措施 24
5.1 堅(jiān)持“互利共贏”的開放戰(zhàn)略和堅(jiān)決反對(duì)貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義 24
5.2 對(duì)貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義與貿(mào)易摩擦關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)產(chǎn)業(yè)和領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行戰(zhàn)略性防御 24
5.3 積極應(yīng)對(duì)各種貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義的戰(zhàn)術(shù)選擇 25
5.4 完善應(yīng)對(duì)貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義的預(yù)警機(jī)制 26
5.5 加快區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化建設(shè) 26
5.6 積極實(shí)行“走出去”戰(zhàn)略 27
5.7 增加海外投資，以投資帶動(dòng)出口 27
5.8 應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)國內(nèi)立法和執(zhí)法 27
5.9 充分發(fā)揮進(jìn)出口商會(huì)、行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)的作用 28
5.10 對(duì)別國不合理的貿(mào)易保護(hù)，有理有利有節(jié)的進(jìn)行“反擊” 28
5.11 積極宣傳中國商品，打響中國產(chǎn)品品牌 29
結(jié)  論 30
參考文獻(xiàn) 31
致  謝 33
文獻(xiàn)綜述 34
外文文獻(xiàn)譯文 37
外文文獻(xiàn)原文 41