稅制優(yōu)惠對金融危機的影響[外文翻譯]
英文：16234字
中文：5049字


Tax Incentives as Crisis Response

Georgi Angelov and Simeon Djankov



Abstract Many countries are contemplating stimulus packages as a response to the deepening economic crisis. This paper discusses the benefits of tax reform as a crisis-response measure. It provides a calculation of the benefits of such reform, taking as example the reduction of payroll taxes in Bulgaria. We also estimate the costs in terms of foregone revenue. We find that a reform to reduce the payroll tax by 7.5 percentage points, from 31.3% to 23.8%, would result in 130,000 jobs been created or saved, and a 0.5% increase in annual GDP growth. Taking the static and dynamic effects of such reform into account, the cost would amount to 0.63% of GDP. The reform has three additional benefits. First, it is not subject to corruption: the government is not in a position to distribute largesse as under a fiscal expansion program. Second, it works as a direct stimulus - every business and worker in the formal economy gets the benefit. Third, tax reform is quick to implement and can have immediate effects.



稅制優(yōu)惠對金融危機的影響
Georgi Angelov and Simeon Djankov

摘要：許多國家正在考慮通過一攬子的刺激計劃以應(yīng)對逐步惡化的金融危機。本文主要討論了應(yīng)用稅制改革來應(yīng)對金融危機的好處。文中提供了若干數(shù)據(jù)來表明改革所帶來的益處。例如保加利亞在減低工資稅方面的改革。同時，我們就收入損失方面估算了所需的開支。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果將工資稅調(diào)低7.5%，即從31.3%調(diào)低到23.8%，那么改革就將創(chuàng)造或保留13萬工作崗位，同時使GDP每年增長0.5%。如果同時考慮到靜態(tài)和動態(tài)影響，那么改革的成本是GDP的0.63%。但是，改革將會帶來三個方面的好處。首先，改革不會受到腐敗的影響，因為在財政擴張的情況下，政府無權(quán)進行慷慨派發(fā)。第二，它作為一種直接刺激，每一個在正規(guī)經(jīng)濟中的企業(yè)和勞動者都會從中受益。第三，稅制改革的實施和收效都是很迅速的。
導(dǎo)論
許多國家正在考慮通過一攬子的刺激計劃以應(yīng)對逐步惡化的金融危機。這也激發(fā)了一個長久以來的辯論：政府是應(yīng)該側(cè)重于財政擴張還是稅收鼓勵？有些國家的提案將兩項都包含在內(nèi)。例如德國 ，英國和美國。但是即使在這些國家，對于財政和稅收刺激到底怎樣組合才是正確的也存在著激烈的討論。
財政擴張作為應(yīng)對危機的手段之一是很有意義的，因為它目標明確。例如在低技能工作中，最明顯的財政擴張是在一些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項目中表現(xiàn)出來的——它可以創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機會，而且效果是顯而易見的。從一定意義上說，政府正在給予一定的回應(yīng)。