52萬噸尿素合成氨一段冷凝器的設(shè)計(jì)

摘 要

換熱器是在具有不同溫度的兩種或兩種以上的流體之間傳遞熱量的設(shè)備。它是化工、冶金、煉油、動(dòng)力、食品、原子能、制藥、輕工、機(jī)械及其他許多工業(yè)部門廣泛使用的一種通用設(shè)備。近年來，人們?nèi)找嬷匾暷茉次C(jī)和環(huán)境保護(hù)，而換熱器是特別是高效換熱器又是節(jié)能和環(huán)保措施的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備。因此，無論是從各種工業(yè)的發(fā)展，還是從能源的有效利用和環(huán)境保護(hù)，換熱器的選型、合理的設(shè)計(jì)、制造和操作都有非常重要的意義。
本設(shè)計(jì)“合成氨廠尿素一段冷凝器設(shè)計(jì)”主要是圍繞固定管板式換熱器的設(shè)計(jì)，熟悉合成氨化工行業(yè)中換熱裝置及其工藝流程，熟悉工作原理。通過對冷凝器的工藝設(shè)計(jì)（型號的選擇、總傳熱系數(shù)、總傳熱面積等的計(jì)算），結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)（筒體的內(nèi)徑、管板尺寸、接管的內(nèi)徑等的計(jì)算），強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)（筒體壁厚的計(jì)算、管殼程開孔及補(bǔ)強(qiáng)的計(jì)算）

關(guān)鍵詞：換熱器；傳熱；強(qiáng)度；結(jié)構(gòu)

ABSTRACT
The heat exchanger is having different temperatures of two or more than two kinds of fluid between the heat transfer equipment. It is the chemical industry, metallurgy, oil refining, power, food, pharmaceutical, atomic energy, light industry, machinery and other widely used in many industries, a universal device. In recent years, people pay more attention to the energy crisis and environmental protection, and the heat exchanger is particularly efficient heat exchanger and is energy saving and environmental protection measures of key equipment. Therefore, whether it is from a variety of industrial development, or from the efficient use of energy and environmental protection, heat exchanger selection, rational design, manufacture and operation are very important significance.
 The design of"synthetic ammonia plant of urea a condenser design" is mainly around the fixed tube sheet heat exchanger design, familiar with ammonia chemical industry heat exchanger and its technological process, be familiar with the working principle. Through the condenser design (model selection, the total heat transfer coefficient, total heat transfer area calculation, structure design ( the cylinder diameter, tube plate size, nozzle diameter calculation ), strength ( the cylinder wall thickness calculation, pipe shell opening and reinforcement calculation ).

Keyword: Heat exchanger;heat Transfer;Strength;and Structure

目錄

緒論 1
1 換熱器分類及簡介 1
1.1 間壁式換熱器 1
1.2 直接接觸式換熱器 2
1.3 蓄熱式換熱器 2
1.4 中間載熱體式換熱器 2
1.5 間壁式換熱器舉例及特點(diǎn) 2
1.5.1 沉浸式蛇管換熱器 2
1.5.2 噴淋式蛇管換熱器 3
1.5.3 套管式換熱器 3
1.5.4 管殼式換熱器 4
1.5.5螺旋板式換熱器 4
1.5.6 板式換熱器 5
1.5.7 板翅式換熱器 6
1.5.8 板殼式換熱器 7
1.5.9 傘板式換熱器 8
1.6 管殼式換熱器 8
1.6.1 固定管板式換熱器 8
1.6.2 浮頭式換熱器 9
1.6.3 U形管式換熱器 10
1.6.4 填料函式換熱器 10
1.6.5 釜式重沸器 11
1.6.6 管殼式換熱器結(jié)構(gòu) 11
2工藝設(shè)計(jì) 11
2.1 基本參數(shù) 11
2.2 確定設(shè)計(jì)方案 12
2.2.1 選擇冷凝器的類型 12
2.2.2 流程的安排 12
2.3 確定物理數(shù)據(jù) 12
    2.3.1 管程流體定性溫度 12
2.3.2 殼程流體的定性溫度及流體物理數(shù)據(jù) 12
2.3.3 冷卻水流量及溫差計(jì)算熱負(fù)荷 12
2.4 傳熱面積 13
2.4.1 總傳熱系數(shù) 13
2.4.2 初算傳熱面積 13
2.4.3 初選換熱器規(guī)格 14

2.5 核算壓力降 14
2.5.1 計(jì)算管程流速 14
2.5.2 計(jì)算殼程當(dāng)量直徑和流速 14
2.5.3 核算壓力降 15
2.6 核算總傳熱系數(shù) 16
2.6.1 計(jì)算管程對流傳熱系數(shù) 16
2.6.2 計(jì)算殼程對流傳熱系 16
2.6.3 計(jì)算總傳熱系數(shù) 16
3 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 17
3.1 設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和材料選擇 17
3.2 圓筒厚度 17
3.3封頭與管箱 18
3.4壓力容器法蘭 19
3.5管板 20
3.6折流板形式的確定 20
3.7分程隔板 21
3.8 膨脹節(jié) 22
  3.8.1設(shè)計(jì)條件 22
3.8.2 幾何尺寸 22
3.9 接管設(shè)計(jì) 23
3.9.1工藝蒸汽進(jìn)口管 23
3.9.2 冷卻水進(jìn)口接管 23
3.9.3 殘液接管 23
3.9.4 殘氣接管 23
3.10 接管的補(bǔ)強(qiáng)計(jì)算 24
3.10.1 蒸汽進(jìn)口管的補(bǔ)強(qiáng)計(jì)算 24
3.10.2 冷凝水進(jìn)口管的補(bǔ)強(qiáng) 24
3.10.3 冷凝液出口接管的補(bǔ)強(qiáng) 25
3.10.4 壁溫計(jì)算 25
3.11支座的計(jì)算 26
3.12 壓力實(shí)驗(yàn) 27
3.13 墊片的選取 28
結(jié)論 30
致謝 31
參考文獻(xiàn) 32