摘要
壓載水是保證船舶航行安全的重要措施，但其注入和排出的過程中，不可避免的攜帶大量水生物。這些生物隨壓載水入侵到當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境，對海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、人類健康和港口城市經(jīng)濟發(fā)展造成嚴重的影響。船舶壓載水對海洋環(huán)境的侵害，已被全球環(huán)境基金組織確認為危害海洋的四大威脅之一。為此，2004年國際海事組織在倫敦通過了《國際船舶壓載水和沉積物控制與管理公約》。公約制訂了壓載水排放標(biāo)準，并要求在2016年之前各國船舶所排放的壓載水必須經(jīng)過處理并符合公約的相關(guān)要求。
針對嚴峻的形勢，本文提出了過濾和紫外線殺菌結(jié)合處理壓載水的技術(shù)路線。過濾作為第一級處理，去除壓載水中尺寸大于50 的固體顆粒和生物；紫外線殺菌作為第二級處理，殺滅尺寸小于50 的微生物。本文以理論研究和設(shè)計研究為基礎(chǔ)，旨在設(shè)計出一套可供實船應(yīng)用的高效壓載水處理系統(tǒng)。具體研究內(nèi)容和結(jié)論包括以下幾個部分：
1、在參考眾多相關(guān)文獻的基礎(chǔ)上，對船舶壓載水引起的環(huán)境問題進行了綜述，闡述了船舶壓載水?dāng)y帶有害生物對海洋環(huán)境所造成的嚴重危害，闡明了壓載水處理的重要性，并扼要介紹了壓載水公約的內(nèi)容及制定和實施進程。
2、研究了紫外線滅菌技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)理論，并從理論和實際應(yīng)用兩方面闡述了紫外線殺菌技術(shù)處理壓載水的可行性。
3、從反應(yīng)器腔體內(nèi)部紫外線劑量的分布著手，完成了處理量300m3/h高效紫外線殺菌器的設(shè)計和建模；殺菌器的紫外線劑量可以達到100000 。對所設(shè)計的殺菌器進行了流場分析，指出了所設(shè)計模型在結(jié)構(gòu)上的不足，并提出了改進措施。
4、詳細提出了過濾器幾個過濾特殊組件的設(shè)計方法；在濾網(wǎng)選型設(shè)計、筒體設(shè)計、密封設(shè)計和傳動件設(shè)計校核的基礎(chǔ)上完成了吸污式自清洗過濾器的設(shè)計和建模；總結(jié)了濾網(wǎng)壓降和濾餅壓降的計算方法，完成了吸污式自清洗過濾器的壓降計算，得出濾網(wǎng)壓降為0.012MPa，單位時間內(nèi)總壓降為0.047MPa，且兩者都符合經(jīng)驗標(biāo)準。
5、基于前期充分的研究，設(shè)計了壓載水處理流程，搭建了300m3/h船舶壓載水處理系統(tǒng)，并完成了控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計。

關(guān)鍵字：船舶壓載水，紫外線殺菌，過濾器，設(shè)計





Abstract
Ballast water is important measure to guarantee secure voyage of ships, but it can not avoid taking along a large number of aquatic organisms in the process of injection and discharge. When these aquatic organisms invade to the local environment with ballast water, they will cause serious influence on Marine ecological system, human health and economic development of the port city. The global environment fund has confirmed that the damage of marine environment caused by ships’ ballast water is one of the four kinds of Marine threats. For this reason, in 2004,The international maritime organization in London passed the《International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments》.It sets a ballast water discharge standard, and it demands that the ballast water discharged by ships from different countries must be disposed and meet the correlative requirements before 2016.
Contraposing the serious situation, this paper puts forward a treatment technology route that combined filter with ultraviolet radiation sterilization to treat ballast water. Filter, as the first primary treatment, can wipe off solid particles and organisms whose sizes are greater than 50 in the ballast water. Ultraviolet sterilization, as the second treatment, can kill the organisms less than 50 . This article, based on the theoretical research and design research, aims to devise a set of effective ship ballast water processing system which can be used on the ships. Specific research content and conclusions contain the following aspects:
1. On the basis of many related literatures, this article sum up the environmental problem caused by ships’ ballast water; stated the phenomenon that the harmful biological carried by ships’ ballast water seriously dangerous to marine environment; illustrated the importance of ballast water treatment. And it introduced the content of the convention of ballast water, including its making and implement progress.
2. This article researched the basic sterilization theory of ultraviolet rays, and stated its feasibility for the technology of ultraviolet rays to deal with ballast water from two aspects of theory and practical application.
3. Beginning with the distribution of dose of ultraviolet rays in the reactor cavity, this article finished the design and modeling of the efficient sterilizer with capacity of 300 cubic meters per hour. In the sterilizer, the dose of ultraviolet rays can reach to 100000 . It also made some analysis of flow field of the sterilizer, pointed out some shortages of the model on the structure, and then pointed out the method to improve this device.
4. Put forward several design methods of special filtration components in detail. On the basis of the design of filter screen, the design of cylinder, the design of sealing and the design of driving medium, it finished design and modeling of self-cleaning suction filter. Summarized the computing method of mesh pressure and filter cake drop. By calculation the mesh pressure drop of 0.012MPa, the total pressure drop of 0.047MPa. Both are accord with experience criteria.
5. Based on the sufficient study, this article designed the treatment process of ballast water, built 300 s..