計(jì)算機(jī)-------外文翻譯.doc
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計(jì)算機(jī)-------外文翻譯,classification of computercomputer can be placed in to three general classes: mainframes, minicomputers and microcomputers. these classifications are usually ba...
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Classification of computer
Computer can be placed in to three general classes: mainframes, minicomputers and microcomputers. These classifications are usually based on three characteristics of computers: speed, main-storage, capacity and word size. Speed is expressed by how many millions of instructions. Can be executed per second, called MIPS. Main-storage capacity is the number of characters a computer’s memory can hold, word size is the number of bits in an Main storage location, the amount of main-storage that can be addressed is partly determined by a computer’s word size.
Mini computer
A typical minicomputer has a 16-to 64-bit word size. Its main storage capacity ranges from 8 bytes to 16 megabytes. Clearly the character is tics of minicomputer systems vary widely. Character of some computer equal thus of mainframes. A minicomputer system usually in clouds a display screen. Printer and magnetic .The development of the microcomputer begin in 1971 with the introduction of the first computer processor based on electronics. Since that time there have been a number of improvements in the computer, and the microcomputer has had a tremendous impact on the computer industry. Beside size, it is primary advantage is low cost. Most microprocessors have either a 16-bit or 32- bit word size. Typical microcomputer main storage capacities rage from 1M to 8M characters.
計(jì)算機(jī)
計(jì)算機(jī)可被劃分為3個(gè)基本類型:大型機(jī),小型機(jī)與微型機(jī)。這種分類通常是基于計(jì)算機(jī)的3個(gè)特性:速度,主存儲(chǔ)器容量和字長(zhǎng)。速度是由每秒可被執(zhí)行多少百萬條指令叫做MIPS.主存儲(chǔ)器容量是計(jì)算機(jī)的存儲(chǔ)器能保持的字符數(shù)。字長(zhǎng)是一個(gè)可尋址的主存儲(chǔ)器存儲(chǔ)單位的位數(shù)??杀粚ぶ返闹鞔鎯?chǔ)器的大小部分是由計(jì)算機(jī)的字長(zhǎng)決定的。
一臺(tái)典型的小型機(jī)有16到64位字長(zhǎng)。它的主存儲(chǔ)器容量范圍從8MB—16MB.很顯然,小型機(jī)系統(tǒng)變化很廣泛。一些小型機(jī)特性等于大型機(jī)的那些特性。一些小型機(jī)系統(tǒng)通常包括:顯示屏,打印機(jī)和磁盤存儲(chǔ)器。微型機(jī)的發(fā)展在1971年從基于微電子學(xué)的第一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)處理器引用開始的。從那時(shí)起,微型機(jī)已經(jīng)有了許多改進(jìn),微型機(jī)已經(jīng)對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)工業(yè)發(fā)生了巨大的影響。除了大小,它的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是成本低。大多數(shù)微處理機(jī)有8位或16位或32位字長(zhǎng)。典型的微型 機(jī)主存儲(chǔ)器容量的范圍從1M到8M字符。
主機(jī)可以是巨型機(jī),大型機(jī)和小型機(jī)。主機(jī)的這個(gè)術(shù)語指的較大的計(jì)算機(jī)銷售商提供的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng),例如IBM.功能最強(qiáng)大的主機(jī)被叫做巨型機(jī)。它們每秒可以執(zhí)行數(shù)億條指令,有多達(dá)128位字長(zhǎng)和可以有超過2億字符的主存儲(chǔ)器容量。巨型機(jī)主要用于要求大量運(yùn)算的科學(xué)應(yīng)用。
大型機(jī)系統(tǒng)每秒可被執(zhí)行五千萬至一億五千萬指令,通常有64或128位字長(zhǎng),有多達(dá)128億字符的主存儲(chǔ)器容量。如其它主機(jī)一樣,這些機(jī)器可被擴(kuò)展以便提供附加的處理能力。一個(gè)典型的大型機(jī)系統(tǒng)可以包括:32兆字符的主存儲(chǔ)器,100億到500億字符的固定磁盤輔助存儲(chǔ)器,若干臺(tái)高速行式打印機(jī)和激光頁式打印機(jī)。100到200終端。
如果主機(jī)不是大型機(jī)那么它的特性更難以區(qū)別。它們應(yīng)當(dāng)把所有這些主機(jī)分類為小型機(jī)的類別。這些小型機(jī)每秒可執(zhí)行一千萬到五千萬指令。其中一些有和大型機(jī)一樣的字長(zhǎng),它們的主存儲(chǔ)器容量范圍從2兆字節(jié)到64兆字節(jié)。
讓我們通過簡(jiǎn)要考察一下微處理器系統(tǒng)正在實(shí)現(xiàn)的無數(shù)應(yīng)用中的若干例子來開始我們的討論。我們將列出主要的領(lǐng)域,然后給出每個(gè)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)一些有代表性的應(yīng)用。
Computer can be placed in to three general classes: mainframes, minicomputers and microcomputers. These classifications are usually based on three characteristics of computers: speed, main-storage, capacity and word size. Speed is expressed by how many millions of instructions. Can be executed per second, called MIPS. Main-storage capacity is the number of characters a computer’s memory can hold, word size is the number of bits in an Main storage location, the amount of main-storage that can be addressed is partly determined by a computer’s word size.
Mini computer
A typical minicomputer has a 16-to 64-bit word size. Its main storage capacity ranges from 8 bytes to 16 megabytes. Clearly the character is tics of minicomputer systems vary widely. Character of some computer equal thus of mainframes. A minicomputer system usually in clouds a display screen. Printer and magnetic .The development of the microcomputer begin in 1971 with the introduction of the first computer processor based on electronics. Since that time there have been a number of improvements in the computer, and the microcomputer has had a tremendous impact on the computer industry. Beside size, it is primary advantage is low cost. Most microprocessors have either a 16-bit or 32- bit word size. Typical microcomputer main storage capacities rage from 1M to 8M characters.
計(jì)算機(jī)
計(jì)算機(jī)可被劃分為3個(gè)基本類型:大型機(jī),小型機(jī)與微型機(jī)。這種分類通常是基于計(jì)算機(jī)的3個(gè)特性:速度,主存儲(chǔ)器容量和字長(zhǎng)。速度是由每秒可被執(zhí)行多少百萬條指令叫做MIPS.主存儲(chǔ)器容量是計(jì)算機(jī)的存儲(chǔ)器能保持的字符數(shù)。字長(zhǎng)是一個(gè)可尋址的主存儲(chǔ)器存儲(chǔ)單位的位數(shù)??杀粚ぶ返闹鞔鎯?chǔ)器的大小部分是由計(jì)算機(jī)的字長(zhǎng)決定的。
一臺(tái)典型的小型機(jī)有16到64位字長(zhǎng)。它的主存儲(chǔ)器容量范圍從8MB—16MB.很顯然,小型機(jī)系統(tǒng)變化很廣泛。一些小型機(jī)特性等于大型機(jī)的那些特性。一些小型機(jī)系統(tǒng)通常包括:顯示屏,打印機(jī)和磁盤存儲(chǔ)器。微型機(jī)的發(fā)展在1971年從基于微電子學(xué)的第一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)處理器引用開始的。從那時(shí)起,微型機(jī)已經(jīng)有了許多改進(jìn),微型機(jī)已經(jīng)對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)工業(yè)發(fā)生了巨大的影響。除了大小,它的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是成本低。大多數(shù)微處理機(jī)有8位或16位或32位字長(zhǎng)。典型的微型 機(jī)主存儲(chǔ)器容量的范圍從1M到8M字符。
主機(jī)可以是巨型機(jī),大型機(jī)和小型機(jī)。主機(jī)的這個(gè)術(shù)語指的較大的計(jì)算機(jī)銷售商提供的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng),例如IBM.功能最強(qiáng)大的主機(jī)被叫做巨型機(jī)。它們每秒可以執(zhí)行數(shù)億條指令,有多達(dá)128位字長(zhǎng)和可以有超過2億字符的主存儲(chǔ)器容量。巨型機(jī)主要用于要求大量運(yùn)算的科學(xué)應(yīng)用。
大型機(jī)系統(tǒng)每秒可被執(zhí)行五千萬至一億五千萬指令,通常有64或128位字長(zhǎng),有多達(dá)128億字符的主存儲(chǔ)器容量。如其它主機(jī)一樣,這些機(jī)器可被擴(kuò)展以便提供附加的處理能力。一個(gè)典型的大型機(jī)系統(tǒng)可以包括:32兆字符的主存儲(chǔ)器,100億到500億字符的固定磁盤輔助存儲(chǔ)器,若干臺(tái)高速行式打印機(jī)和激光頁式打印機(jī)。100到200終端。
如果主機(jī)不是大型機(jī)那么它的特性更難以區(qū)別。它們應(yīng)當(dāng)把所有這些主機(jī)分類為小型機(jī)的類別。這些小型機(jī)每秒可執(zhí)行一千萬到五千萬指令。其中一些有和大型機(jī)一樣的字長(zhǎng),它們的主存儲(chǔ)器容量范圍從2兆字節(jié)到64兆字節(jié)。
讓我們通過簡(jiǎn)要考察一下微處理器系統(tǒng)正在實(shí)現(xiàn)的無數(shù)應(yīng)用中的若干例子來開始我們的討論。我們將列出主要的領(lǐng)域,然后給出每個(gè)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)一些有代表性的應(yīng)用。