Commonly Used structural Systems
With loads measured in tens of thousands kips, there is little room in the design of high-rise buildings for excessively complex thoughts. Indeed, the better high-rise buildings carry the universal traits of simplicity of thought and clarity of expression.
It does not follow that there is no room for grand thoughts. Indeed, it is with such grand thoughts that the new family of high-rise buildings has evolved. Perhaps more important, the new concepts of but a few years ago have become commonplace in today’ s technology.
Omitting some concepts that are related strictly to the materials of construction, the most commonly used structural systems used in high-rise buildings can be categorized as follows:
1. Moment-resisting frames.
2. Braced frames, including eccentrically braced frames.
3. Shear walls, including steel plate shear walls.
4. Tube-in-tube structures.
5. Tube-in-tube structures.
6. Core-interactive structures.
7. Cellular or bundled-tube systems.
Particularly with the recent trend toward more complex forms, but in response also to the need for increased stiffness to resist the forces from wind and earthquake, most high-rise buildings have structural systems built up of combinations of frames, braced bents, shear walls, and related systems. Further, for the taller buildings, the majorities are composed of interactive elements in three-dimensional arrays.
常用的結構體系
若已測出荷載量達數(shù)千萬磅重，那么在高層建筑設計中就沒有多少可以進行極其復雜的構思余地了。確實，較好的高層建筑普遍具有構思簡單、表現(xiàn)明晰的特點。
這并不是說沒有進行宏觀構思的余地。實際上，正是因為有了這種宏觀的構思，新奇的高層建筑體系才得以發(fā)展，可能更重要的是：幾年以前才出現(xiàn)的一些新概念在今天的技術中已經(jīng)變得平常了。
如果忽略一些與建筑材料密切相關的概念不談，高層建筑里最為常用的結構體系便可分為如下幾類：
1． 抗彎矩框架。
2． 支撐框架，包括偏心支撐框架。
3． 剪力墻，包括鋼板剪力墻。
4． 筒中框架。
5． 筒中筒結構。
6． 核心交互結構。
7． 框格體系或束筒體系。
特別是由于最近趨向于更復雜的建筑形式，同時也需要增加剛度以抵抗幾力和地震力，大多數(shù)高層建筑都具有由框架、支撐構架、剪力墻和相關體系相結合而構成的體系。而且，就較高的建筑物而言，大多數(shù)都是由交互式構件組成三維陳列。
將這些構件結合起來的方法正是高層建筑設計方法的本質(zhì)。其結合方式需要在考慮環(huán)境、功能和費用后再發(fā)展，以便提供促使建筑發(fā)展達到新高度的有效結構。這并不是說富于想象力的結構設計就能夠創(chuàng)造出偉大建筑。正相反，有許多例優(yōu)美的建筑僅得到結構工程師適當?shù)闹С志捅粍?chuàng)造出來了，然而，如果沒有天賦甚厚的建筑師的創(chuàng)造力的指導，那么，得以發(fā)展的就只能是好的結構，并非是偉大的建筑。無論如何，要想創(chuàng)造出高層建筑真正非凡的設計，兩者都需要最好的。