table of contents
2. Introduction 3
3. Objective 4
3.1. Overview of viral removal from two experiments including membrane, bio-film and biomass 4
3.2. Viral removal by biomass in mixed liquor 4
4. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) 5
4.1 Advantages of MBR 5
4.2. The application areas of MBR 5
4.3. Typical MBR system 6
4.4. Compare the processing in the two different waste-water treatments 6
4.5. Compare the Coliphage removal in the two different waste-water treatments 7
5. Past Experiment (1) Results and Discussion 7
5.1. eva luate on the efficiency of memebrane 7
5.2. contribution of cake layer and gel layer to the virus rejection 9
6. Past Experiment (2) Results and Discussion 10
6.1. eva luate on the contribution of biomass 10
7. Virus & bacteria removal by biomass in Mixed Liquor 11
7.1. Description and working principle 11
7.2. Microbial hazard identification and reference pathogens 12
7.3. Microbial surrogates and indicators 13
7.4. Biomass composition and structure in MBR 13
7.5. Morphology of MBR and CAS 14
7.6. Absorption and Biodegradation/inactivation in activated sludge 15
7.7. non-flocculating microorganisms 16
7.8. Temperature influence on bacteriophage 18
8. Material and methods 18
8.1.1. Incubating and testing on E．coli (purple)and total coliforms 18
8.1.2. Incubating and testing on Clostridium perfringens 19
8.1.3. Experiment procedure 19
9. Results and discussion 19
10. Conclusion 19
11. Appendix 20
11.1. Past Experiment (1) Method and Procedure 20
11.2. Past Experiment (2) Method and Procedure 21
12. Reference 24

 
Abstract
MBR is a wastewater treatment technology that offers many advantages including excellent effluent quality, stable operation performance, a small footprint, reduction of excess sludge production, reuse of effluent, reduction of risk substances and so on. When one takes into consideration that fresh water serves as a precious resource for human beings, the ability to reuse treated water is one of the biggest advantages of using MBR technology.
It was found that MBR shows excellent removal efficiency of viruses, such as Coliphage，Norovirus，etc, which is the main cause of food poisoning. It was confirmed that periodical chemical membrane cleaning exerted no negative influence on Norovirus removal. Since MBR offers excellent effluent quality as well as stable operation performance even in small scale plants, the introduction of MBR will contribute to the overall promotion of water recycling in urban areas.