基于單片機的智能車輛車載加速度采集系統(tǒng)設計

目錄
1. 緒論 1
1.1　引言 1
1.2　選題意義 3
1.3　國內外研究現(xiàn)狀及應用展望 3
1.4　本論文的結構 5
2. 數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)的原理及應用 6
2.1　數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)簡介 6
2.1.1　數(shù)據(jù)采集技術概述 6
2.1.2　數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)的組成 6
2.1.3　信號分析與處理 7
2.2　信號調理電路 8
2.2.1　信號調理電路概述及其設計原則 8
2.2.2　信號調理電路中的關鍵技術及其實現(xiàn) 9
2.3　ADC及外圍電路 10
2.3.1　常用ADC的類型及其主要特征參數(shù) 10
2.3.2　常用ADC的應用實現(xiàn) 11
2.4　系統(tǒng)軟件的功能及實現(xiàn)方法 12
2.5　基于單片機的智能車輛車載加速度采集系統(tǒng)設計 13
3. 采集系統(tǒng)的硬件電路設計 15
3.1　采集系統(tǒng)的CPU模塊 15
3.2　采集系統(tǒng)的前向通道 17
3.2.1　加速度傳感器ADXL105 17
3.2.2　信號調理電路（帶寬設定和濾波） 20
3.3　A/D轉換選擇及與單片機的接口電路 21
3.3.1　AD7705/06的特點 22
3.3.2　AD7705/06的片內寄存器 23
3.3.3　AD7705/06的輸入采樣率 23
3.3.4　單極性/雙極性輸入 24
3.3.5　AD7705/06的接口時序 24
3.3.6　AD7706與單片機的接口電路 25
3.4 串行通信接口（SCI）電路 26
3.4.1　普通串行口RS-232 26
3.4.2　USB通用串行總線 28
3.5　DC/DC電源變換器 30
4. 采集系統(tǒng)的軟件設計與實現(xiàn) 33
4.1　單片機軟件設計 33
4.1.1　主程序設計 33
4.1.2　中斷服務程序設計 34
4.1.3　數(shù)據(jù)采集（A/D轉換）模塊 35
4.1.4　通信模塊 36
5. 系統(tǒng)的軟硬結合，虛擬仿真及系統(tǒng)抗干擾 39
5.1　系統(tǒng)軟硬件結合仿真的方法 39
5.2　系統(tǒng)的抗干擾 39
6. 結束語 41
附錄： 42
參 考 文 獻 47
致  謝 49

基于單片機的智能車輛車載加速度采集系統(tǒng)設計
摘 要
智能車輛是多學科交叉綜合的體現(xiàn)，具有重要的應用與研究價值。智能車輛的車載信號采集系統(tǒng)往往需要對多點分散的信號進行采集，他們可能是不同方向上的同一物理信號（如加速度），也可能是同一方向上的不同物理信號（如加速度與壓力）。因此，需要設計多點多通道數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)，對各種參數(shù)進行實時采集和處理，并與上位機進行通訊，以滿足智能車輛的控制需求。其中加速度的采集對車輛的駕駛控制很重要，它可以為操作控制人員提供關于車輛行駛狀態(tài)及安全方面的重要參數(shù)，以確保車輛行駛的平穩(wěn)性及安全性，從而提高車輛的駕駛性能，減少事故的發(fā)生率?？焖贉蚀_的加速度采集系統(tǒng)配合其他信息及智能技術還可以實現(xiàn)車輛的自動駕駛與自動調速等功能。
本文對車載加速度采集系統(tǒng)的硬件與軟件結構進行了設計，該加速度采集系統(tǒng)的主要功能為采集多點的加速度，其特點是方便準確，能夠采集多方向的加速度。最終，完成了基于單片機的3通道加速度數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)的設計及實現(xiàn)，給出了該系統(tǒng)硬件、軟件的實現(xiàn)方法。
　　
關鍵詞：數(shù)據(jù)采集　ICP型加速度傳感器　串行A/D轉換器　單片機　通信　看門狗

 
The Design of MCU-based intelligent vehicles Acceleration Acquisition System
Abstract
Intelligent vehicles are the embodiment of an integrated multidisciplinary, which have important applications and research value. Intelligent Vehicle-vehicle Data Acquisition Systems are often required to collect multi-point scattered signals, which of them may be the same physical signal in different directions(Such as the acceleration in different directions), or may be different physical signals in the same direction(Such as the acceleration and pressure in the same direction). Therefore, needing to design multi-point and multi-channel data acquisition system to acquire and process various parameters in Real-time and communicate with the host computer to meet the needs of intelligent vehicle control. Accelerration acquisition system is one of the important data acquisition, which is very important to the driving controlling. it can provide very important parameters about the state of the traffic and safety aspects for the operators of vehicles to ensure the smoothness of traffic operatin and safety, thereby enhancing the vehicle's driving performance, reducing accidents incidence. Acceleration acquisition systems of fast and accurate with other information and intelligence technology can also achieve automatic driving and automatic vehicle speed controlling functions.
This paper realized the hardware and software architecture design of the acceleration acquisition system on the vehicle, the main function of the acceleration acquisition system is to collect multi-point acceleration, which is characterized by convenient and accurate, able to collect multi-direction acceleration. Last, completed the design and implementation of MUC-based 3-channel acceleration data acquisition system, given the implementation of system hardware and software.

Key words：Data Acquisition／ICP-type Accelerometer／Serial A/D Converter／Microcontroller（MCU）／Communication／Watch-dog