摘　　要
隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)和我國(guó)汽車工業(yè)的飛速發(fā)展，汽車迅速走進(jìn)了千家萬(wàn)戶，成為了一種大眾化的消費(fèi)品。與此同時(shí)，人們對(duì)于駕駛的安全性和舒適性的要求也隨之提高，巡航控制系統(tǒng)能同時(shí)滿足人們?cè)谝陨蟽煞矫娴男枨?，在今年?lái)備受關(guān)注。雖然目前的市場(chǎng)上存在很多巡航控制的系統(tǒng)，但由于我國(guó)公路交通情況等因素的制約，這些巡航系統(tǒng)對(duì)于中國(guó)消費(fèi)者的性價(jià)比往往不高，而且價(jià)格昂貴讓大多數(shù)普通消費(fèi)者望而卻步，這也使得該系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入普通家用轎車市場(chǎng)存在相當(dāng)?shù)睦щy。本文介紹一種價(jià)格低廉，功能簡(jiǎn)單但卻能滿足當(dāng)前我國(guó)消費(fèi)者需要的解決方案。
在認(rèn)真分析了汽車巡航控制系統(tǒng)的基本原理，確定了輸入輸出信號(hào)以后，提出了一種閉環(huán)控制的巡航控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)方案。由車速傳感器采集車速信號(hào)作為巡航速度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，采用PID算法控制汽車在車速出現(xiàn)偏差時(shí)將車速控制在設(shè)定的范圍，使閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)能相對(duì)準(zhǔn)確的控制汽車達(dá)到目標(biāo)車速。經(jīng)過(guò)理論的論證與計(jì)算以后，本文又選取了當(dāng)今汽車行業(yè)所使用的傳感器及其他相關(guān)器件，組成了使用的硬件電路模塊，根據(jù)功能的要求繪制了各模塊完整的流程圖和相關(guān)程序，做出了比較完整的設(shè)計(jì)，使巡航控制系統(tǒng)能在普通型轎車得到應(yīng)用。并在隨后進(jìn)行了仿真模擬，仿真的結(jié)果表明：系統(tǒng)超調(diào)量較小，響應(yīng)時(shí)間較快，采用的控制方法簡(jiǎn)單可行，基本達(dá)到了設(shè)計(jì)要求，所采用的控制策略是可行的，能較好的完成設(shè)計(jì)的目的和要求。
基于硬件設(shè)計(jì)和軟件設(shè)計(jì)的良好仿真結(jié)果，本文所設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)可以在實(shí)際駕駛中應(yīng)用實(shí)踐。

 
Abstract
With steady economic growth and the rapid development of China's automobile industry, car quickly into the millions of households, has become a popular consumer goods. At the same time, driving safety and comfort requirements increase as the cruise control system can meet the demand of the people in these two aspects of concern this year. Although there are many of the cruise control system on the current market, but because of road traffic conditions and other fac-tors, these cruise control system for the cost of the Chinese consumer is often not high, but exp-ensive and prohibitive for most ordinary consumers, which also makes the system into ordinary family car mark-et there are considerable difficulties. This article describes an inexpensive and simple, functional but solutions to meet the current needs of the consumers in China.
     After a careful analysis of the basic principles of automotive cruise control system, to det-ermine the input and output signals, a closed-loop control, cruise control system de-sign Collec-ted by the vehicle speed sensor speed signal as a cruising speed of standard PID algorithm cont-rol vehicle speed deviation, the speed control in setting the scope of the closed-loop system can be relatively accurate control car to achieve the target speed. After the later of the theoretical ar-gument and calculation, and select today's sensors used in automotive industry and other related devices, composed of a hardware circuit, draw a complete flow chart and the main program of the cruise control sys-tem according to the functional requirements do a complete design, the cruise control system can be applied in ordinary cars. And in the subsequent simulation, the si-mulation results show that: the system overshoot is smaller, faster response time, the control method is simple and feasible, basic to the design requirements, the control strategy is feasible, can be better completion of the purpose and requirements of the des-ign.
     Good simulation results based on the hardware design and software design show that, this design of the system can be use in actual driving practice.
目　　錄
摘　　要 1
Abstract 1
引　　言 1
1 緒論 2
1.1 汽車巡航控制系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展情況與發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 2
1.1.1 汽車巡航控制系統(tǒng)的國(guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀 2
1.1.2 汽車巡航控制系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)和在我國(guó)的發(fā)展方向 3
1.2 汽車巡航控制系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn) 3
1.2.1 提高汽車行駛時(shí)的舒適性 3
1.2.2 節(jié)能減排 4
1.2.3 保持車速穩(wěn)定 4
1.2.4 提高了汽車行駛的安全性 4
1.2.5 延長(zhǎng)汽車壽命 4
1.3 汽車巡航系統(tǒng)分類 4
1.3.1 氣動(dòng)式巡航控制系統(tǒng) 4
1.3.2 電動(dòng)式巡航控制系統(tǒng) 4
2 汽車巡航控制系統(tǒng)的基本功能，組成及工作原理 6
2.1 巡航控制系統(tǒng)的基本功能 6
2.1.1 定速行駛功能 6
2.1.2 緊急取消功能 6
2.1.3 恢復(fù)功能 6
2.1.4 加速減速功能 6
2.1.5 低速自動(dòng)消除功能 6
2.2 巡航控制系統(tǒng)的基本組成 6
2.2.1 車速傳感器 7
2.2.2 節(jié)氣門位置傳感器 7
2.2.3 人機(jī)交互部分 7
2.2.4 ECU 7
2.2.5 控制執(zhí)行裝置 8
2.3 巡航控制系統(tǒng)工作原理 8
3 巡航控制系統(tǒng)控制方案的選擇 10
3.1 PID控制的特點(diǎn) 10
3.1.1 比例(P)調(diào)節(jié)作用 10
3.1.2 積分(I)調(diào)節(jié)作用 10
3.1.3 微分(D)調(diào)節(jié)作用 11
3.2 PID控制的缺點(diǎn) 11
3.3 汽車巡航控制系統(tǒng)中PID的應(yīng)用 11
3.4 PID控制器的設(shè)計(jì) 12
4 巡航控制系統(tǒng)硬件電路設(shè)計(jì) 13
4.1 單片機(jī)的選擇 13
4.2 巡航控制系統(tǒng)的其他外圍電路 15
4.2.1 電源芯片 15
4.2.2 車速傳感器 17
4.2.3 節(jié)氣門位置傳感器 20
4.2.4 開(kāi)關(guān)量信號(hào)采集電路 22
4.2.5 A/D轉(zhuǎn)換芯片 25
4.2.6 “看門狗”技術(shù) 28
4.3 執(zhí)行部分 29
4.3.1 電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)電路 29
4.3.2 系統(tǒng)中電機(jī)的選擇 31
4.4 巡航系統(tǒng)在汽車內(nèi)部的硬件抗干擾 32
5 系統(tǒng)軟件的設(shè)計(jì) 33
5.1 總系統(tǒng)軟件設(shè)計(jì) 33
5.2 巡航控制系統(tǒng)的軟件子程序 35
5.2.1 速度檢測(cè)模塊 35
5.2.2 節(jié)氣門開(kāi)度檢測(cè)模塊 37
5.2.3 PWM執(zhí)行模塊 39
5.2.4 PID程序模塊 41
5.3 仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果 43
結(jié)　　論 45
參 考 文 獻(xiàn) 46
附錄A 總電路圖 47
致　　謝 48