摘 要


溢油污染因其對(duì)環(huán)境與經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響引起了全球性的關(guān)注。如果不快速清除溢油污染，它將造成巨大的環(huán)境破壞。使用吸油材料回收水面上的油污是防治石油污染水體的一種方法，人們已經(jīng)注意到了吸油材料的研制和應(yīng)用。吸油材料的品種多，但目前應(yīng)用最多的是以合成有機(jī)高分子物質(zhì)及天然纖維為原料制成的吸油材料。本文綜述了已被研究用于石油去除的廣泛吸附材料的吸附性質(zhì)，特別是它們?cè)谝缬颓宄I(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用。主要討論了疏水性二氧化硅氣凝膠、沸石、有機(jī)黏土和自然吸附材料，如洋麻、棉、馬利筋絲綿和農(nóng)業(yè)秸稈，其中許多已被證明是具有優(yōu)良的吸油性質(zhì)的吸附劑。為了提高這些木質(zhì)纖維材料的吸附能力，嘗試了多種改性方法。本文綜述了一些化學(xué)改性法能提高自然吸附劑的吸附能力。最近發(fā)現(xiàn)一些新的改性技術(shù)能代替化學(xué)方法，其中生物酶改性技術(shù)是一個(gè)環(huán)境友好型改進(jìn)過(guò)程。綜述了多種生物酶性質(zhì)，展望了它們應(yīng)用于改性生物質(zhì)材料中的前景。

關(guān)鍵詞：自然吸附劑；石油吸附；化學(xué)改性；生物酶改性


















Abstract


Oil spills are a global concern due to the environmental and economical impact. Spilled oil causes immense environmental damage unless it is removed as quickly as possible. Using oil absorption materials recycling oil spill on the water is a kind of method of preventing and controlling oil spill polluted water, people have noticed the research and application of oil absorption material. Oil absorption material breeds more, but the largest present application is the oil absorption material which is made of synthetic organic polymer and natural fibers as raw material. This paper reviews the absorbing properties of the wide variety of oil sorbent materials that have been studied for application in the removal of organics, particularly in the area of oil spill cleanup. The discussion is especially focused on hydrophobic silica aerogels, zeolites, organ clays and natural sorbents, such as kenaf, cotton, milkweed floss, and straws, many of which have been demonstrated to exhibit (or show potential to exhibit) excellent oil absorption properties. In order to improve the adsorbing properties of lignocelluloses such as cereal straw, many attempts have been made to modify the surface of lignocelluloses. Chemical modification of its constituents can achieve these aims. Recent studies have suggested new alternatives for chemical treatment; one of these involves the use of enzymes for eco-friendly processing. The areas for further development of some of these materials are identified. It Reviews a variety of enzyme properties and look forward to their application in modified biomass materials in the future.

Keywords: Natural sorbents, Oil sorption, Chemical modification, Enzymatic modification








目 錄

摘 要 I
Abstract II

第一章 緒 論 1
1.1石油污染的現(xiàn)狀及危害 1
1.1.1石油污染現(xiàn)狀 1
1.1.2石油污染危害 1
1.2石油污染物的組成及污染特性 2
1.2.1石油污染物的組成 2
1.2.2石油污染物在水體中的存在形態(tài)及遷移轉(zhuǎn)化規(guī)律 2
1.2.3石油污染物的分析測(cè)定方法 4
1.3主要石油吸附劑 4
1.3.1 吸附法概況 4
1.3.2 主要吸油材料 6
1.4生物質(zhì)材料吸附劑的應(yīng)用 7
1.4.1 在重金屬有機(jī)污染中的應(yīng)用 7
1.4.2 在石油污染中的應(yīng)用 8

第二章 生物質(zhì)原材料對(duì)溢油的吸附性能研究 9
2.1前言 9
2.2材料與方法 9
2.2.1實(shí)驗(yàn)材料 9
2.2.2主要設(shè)備 9
2.2.3實(shí)驗(yàn)方法 10
2.3結(jié)果與討論 11
反應(yīng)時(shí)間對(duì)吸附效果的影響 11
2.4本章小結(jié) 12

第三章 利用生物酶改性生物質(zhì)原材料 13
3.1前言 13
3.2材料與方法 13
3.2.1酶活的測(cè)定 13
3.2.2半纖維素、纖維素和木質(zhì)素的含量測(cè)定 14
3.3結(jié)果與討論 16
3.3.1酶作用時(shí)間對(duì)改性的影響 16
3.3.2酶反應(yīng)溫度對(duì)改性的影響 17
3.3.3酶投加量對(duì)改性的影響 18
3.4改性原材料分子結(jié)構(gòu)表征 19
3.4.1紅外光譜分析 19
3.4.2掃描電子顯微分析 20
3.4.3XRD分析 20
3.5本章小結(jié) 21

第四章 改性原材料對(duì)溢油的吸附性能研究 22
4.1前言 22
4.2材料與方法 22
4.2.1主要材料和儀器設(shè)備 22
4.3結(jié)果與討論 23
4.3.1吸附時(shí)間對(duì)吸附效果的影響 23
4.3.2吸附劑量對(duì)吸附效果的影響 23
4.3.3油量對(duì)吸附效果的影響 24
4.4本章小結(jié) 25

結(jié) 論 26
參考文獻(xiàn) 27
致 謝 32