LED (Light Emitting Diode), light-emitting diode, is a solid state semiconductor devices, which can be directly converted into electricity to light. LED is the heart of a semiconductor chip, the chip is attached to one end of a stent, is the negative side, the other end of the power of the cathode, the entire chip package to be epoxy resin. Semiconductor chip is composed of two parts, part of the P-type semiconductor, it inside the hole-dominated, the other side is the N-type semiconductor, here is mainly electronic. But linking the two semiconductors, among them the formation of a "PN junction." When the current through the wires role in this chip, will be pushing e-P, P zone in the hole with electronic composite, and then to be issued in the form of photon energy, and this is the principle of LED luminescence. The wavelength of light that is the color of light, is formed by the PN junction of the decisions of the material.


LED history
50 years ago, people have to understand semiconductor materials can produce light of the basic knowledge, the first commercial diodes in 1960. English is the LED light emitting diode (LED) acronym, and its basic structure is an electroluminescent semiconductor materials, placed in a wire rack, then sealed with epoxy resin around, that is, solid package, Therefore, the protection of the internal batteries can play the role of line, so the seismic performance LED good.

LED is the core of the P-type semiconductor and components of the N-type semiconductor chips, the P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor between a transition layer, called the PN junction. In some semiconductor materials in the PN junction, the injection of a small number of carrier-carrier and the majority of the extra time will be in the form of light energy to release, thus the power to direct conversion of solar energy. PN junction on reverse voltage, a few hard-carrier injection, it is not luminous. This use of injection electroluminescent diodes is produced by the principle of light-emitting diodes, commonly known as LED. When it in a positive state of the work (that is, at both ends with forward voltage), the current flows from the LED anode, cathode, semiconductor crystals on the issue from the ultraviolet to infrared light of different colors, light and the strength of the currents.

Instruments used for the first LED light source instructions, but all kinds of light colored LED lights in traffic and large screen has been widely applied, have a very good economic and social benefits. The 12-inch red traffic lights as an example, is used in the United States have long life, low-efficiency 140 watt incandescent lamp as a light source, it produced 2,000 lumens of white light. The red filter, the loss-90 percent, only 200 lumens of red light. In the light of the new design, Lumileds companies have 18 red LED light source, including the loss of circuit, a total power consumption of 14 watts to generate the same optical effect. Automotive LED lights is also the source of important areas.

LED（Light Emitting Diode），發(fā)光二極管，是一種固態(tài)的半導(dǎo)體器件，它可以直接把電轉(zhuǎn)化為光。LED的心臟是一個半導(dǎo)體的晶片，晶片的一端附在一個支架上，一端是負極，另一端連接電源的正極，使整個晶片被環(huán)氧樹脂封裝起來。半導(dǎo)體晶片由兩部分組成，一部分是P型半導(dǎo)體，在它里面空穴占主導(dǎo)地位，另一端是N型半導(dǎo)體，在這邊主要是電子。但這兩種半導(dǎo)體連接起來的時候，它們之間就形成一個“P-N結(jié)”。當電流通過導(dǎo)線作用于這個晶片的時候，電子就會被推向P區(qū)，在P區(qū)里電子跟空穴復(fù)合，然后就會以光子的形式發(fā)出能量，這就是LED發(fā)光的原理。而光的波長也就是光的顏色，是由形成P-N結(jié)的材料決定的。


LED歷史
50年前人們已經(jīng)了解半導(dǎo)體材料可產(chǎn)生光線的基本知識，第一個商用二極管產(chǎn)生于1960年。LED是英文light emitting diode（發(fā)光二極管）的縮寫，它的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是一塊電致發(fā)光的半導(dǎo)體材料，置于一個有引線的架子上，然后四周用環(huán)氧樹脂密封，即固體封裝，所以能起到保護內(nèi)部芯線的作用，所以LED的抗震性能好。
發(fā)光二極管的核心部分是由P型半導(dǎo)體和N型半導(dǎo)體組成的晶片，在P型半導(dǎo)體和N型半導(dǎo)體之間有一個過渡層，稱為P-N結(jié)。在某些半導(dǎo)體材料的PN結(jié)中，注入的少數(shù)載流子與多數(shù)載流子復(fù)合時會把多余的能量以光的形式釋放出來，從而把電能直接轉(zhuǎn)換為光能。PN結(jié)施加反向電壓時，少數(shù)載流子難以注入，故不發(fā)光。這種利用注入式電致發(fā)光原理制作的二極管叫發(fā)光二極管，通稱LED。 當它處于正向工作狀態(tài)時（即兩端加上正向電壓），電流從LED陽極流向陰極時，半導(dǎo)體晶體就發(fā)出從紫外到紅外不同顏色的光線，光的強弱與電流有關(guān)。

最初LED用作儀器儀表的指示光源，后來各種光色的LED在交通信號燈和大面積顯示屏中得到了廣泛應(yīng)用，產(chǎn)生了很好的經(jīng)濟效益和社會效益。以12英寸的紅色交通信號燈為例，在美國本來是采用長壽命、低光效的140瓦白熾燈作為光源，它產(chǎn)生2000流明的白光。經(jīng)紅色濾光片后，光損失90%，只剩下200流明的紅光。而在新設(shè)計的燈中，Lumileds公司采用了18個紅色LED光源，包括電路損失在內(nèi)，共耗電14瓦，即可產(chǎn)生同樣的光效。 汽車信號燈也是LED光源應(yīng)用的重要領(lǐng)域。

對于一般照明而言，人們更需要白色的光源。1998年白光的LED開發(fā)成功。這種LED是將GaN芯片和釔鋁石榴石（YAG）封裝在一起做成。GaN芯片發(fā)藍光（λ..