化工園區(qū)突發(fā)污染事故應(yīng)急監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)的研究

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摘 要
20世紀(jì)以來(lái)，隨著工業(yè)化進(jìn)程的迅猛發(fā)展，生產(chǎn)規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大，新工藝、新材料、新技術(shù)、新設(shè)備也得到廣泛使用，但隨之而來(lái)的事故也不斷產(chǎn)生，特別是危及社會(huì)安全造成多人死亡的重特大事故時(shí)有發(fā)生，這些事故對(duì)人民的生命、財(cái)產(chǎn)安全及周圍環(huán)境構(gòu)成了重大威脅，惡性事故不僅造成經(jīng)濟(jì)上的巨大損失，而且給人們的心理造成創(chuàng)傷，形成難以抹去的陰影。其中突發(fā)性環(huán)境污染事故具有災(zāi)難性，它嚴(yán)重污染自然環(huán)境、威脅人類健康、破壞生態(tài)平衡并嚴(yán)重制約著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展與進(jìn)步。
近年來(lái)我國(guó)的《中華人民共和國(guó)安全生產(chǎn)法》和《危險(xiǎn)化學(xué)品安全管理?xiàng)l例》等法律、法規(guī)紛紛出臺(tái)，這些法律、法規(guī)對(duì)事故應(yīng)急救援做出了各項(xiàng)強(qiáng)制性要求。盡管我國(guó)的事故應(yīng)急救援已在法律法規(guī)方面做了明確的規(guī)定，現(xiàn)實(shí)安全生產(chǎn)狀況也有著迫切的需求，但目前國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)事故應(yīng)急救援的理論研究仍然很少，僅僅處于起始階段，對(duì)于應(yīng)急救援系統(tǒng)的功能、組成、運(yùn)作方式的研究更是如此。
在此背景下，本文對(duì)化工園區(qū)突發(fā)污染事故應(yīng)急救援快速監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)進(jìn)行研究與探討，為迅速查明突發(fā)環(huán)境事件污染物的種類、污染程度和范圍以及污染發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，在已有調(diào)查資料的基礎(chǔ)上，充分利用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)快速監(jiān)測(cè)方法進(jìn)行鑒別、確認(rèn)。采用快速監(jiān)測(cè)方法可迅速判斷污染物的類型，給出定性的、半定量的和定量的監(jiān)測(cè)分析結(jié)果，確認(rèn)環(huán)境突發(fā)事件的危害程度和污染范圍，分析污染趨勢(shì)。另外，本文還簡(jiǎn)單介紹便攜式氣相色譜儀的種類、性能及其在環(huán)境應(yīng)急監(jiān)測(cè)中的重要性，講述便攜式氣相色譜的基本原理、儀器的操作方法，并剖析便攜式氣相色譜儀在環(huán)境應(yīng)急監(jiān)測(cè)中的應(yīng)用。本文對(duì)監(jiān)測(cè)過(guò)程中的基本知識(shí)、監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)提出了一些新的基本概念和理論，并進(jìn)一步完善了針對(duì)化工園區(qū)突發(fā)污染事故應(yīng)急監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)。希望這能為我國(guó)化工園區(qū)突發(fā)污染事故應(yīng)急監(jiān)測(cè)的工作和管理提供一定的思路。

關(guān)鍵詞：突發(fā)性環(huán)境污染；應(yīng)急監(jiān)測(cè)；事故


ABSTRACT
Since the 20th century， with the rapid development of industrialization process， the production scale expands unceasingly， the new craft， new material， new technology， new equipment have been widely used， but the resulting serious accident also constantly produce， especially threaten social security killed many people in the major workplace accidents have occurred， the incidents of people's life， property， constitutes a major threat to the security and the surrounding environment， malignant accidents not only cause huge economic losses， and have caused people's psychological trauma， difficult to erase the shadow. Catastrophic sudden environmental pollution accident， it serious environment pollution， serious threat to human health， damage the ecological balance and restrict the economic and social development and progress.
In recent years， our country's "production safety law of the People's Republic of China" and "hazardous chemical materials safety management regulations" and other laws and regulations are issued， the laws and regulations for accident emergency rescue made all mandatory requirements. The request of production safety law of the People's Republic of China " the local people's governments at or above the county level shall organize relevant departments to formulate administrative areas especially big production safety accident emergency rescue plan， establishing emergency rescue system". The hazardous chemical materials safety management regulations stipulated in the "dangerous chemicals units shall formulate the unit accident emergency rescue preplan， equipped with the necessary emergency rescue personnel and emergency rescue equipment， equipment， and organize regular exercise. Dangerous chemical accident emergency rescue the municipal people's government shall be responsible for dangerous chemicals shall be submitted to the districts of comprehensive work safety supervision and management departments for the record".
Although the accident emergency rescue in our country has made clear provisions in laws and regulations， production safety situation is also there is a pressing need for reality， but at present domestic for the study of the theory of the accident emergency rescue is small， still only at the initial stage， the emergency rescue system functions， composition， operation research.
In this context， this paper and chemical industrial park of sudden pollution accident emergency rescue monitoring technology is studied and discussed， the basic knowledge in the process of monitoring， monitoring technology and puts forward some new basic concepts and theories， and further perfect the technology for chemical industry park of sudden pollution accident emergency monitoring. Hope this for our chemical industry park of sudden pollution accident emergency monitoring work and management provides a train of thought.

KEY WORDS: Sudden environmental pollution; Emergency monitoring; accident


目 錄
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 引言 1
1.1.1 突發(fā)性環(huán)境污染事故概念、特征及類型 2
1.1.2 突發(fā)性環(huán)境污染事故的危害及其影響 3
1.2研究應(yīng)急監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)的必要性 3
1.3應(yīng)急監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)的國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀 4
1.3.1國(guó)外環(huán)境污染事故應(yīng)急監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)發(fā)..