風(fēng)化與土(外文翻譯)

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中文： 3975字
英文： 15300字符


地表狀況
地層剖面最上面數(shù)米深處一般包括：土、坡積土和風(fēng)化巖石。其工程性質(zhì)不同于最底層的基巖。
土 ：是礦物碎屑和植物風(fēng)化后的混合體，通常小于1米厚，通常被分為上層腐殖質(zhì)和富含粘土的下層土。
風(fēng) 化：巖石、坡積土與空氣和水接觸后，被自然侵蝕和分解的過(guò)程。風(fēng)化深度一般小于10米。
坡積土：泥沙經(jīng)過(guò)運(yùn)輸、沉積在基巖表面上；大多數(shù)非固結(jié)粘土、沙和粗碎屑碎片;一般屬于第四紀(jì)，因時(shí)間太短不能固結(jié)；厚度在0到大于50米之間。

崩積層：邊坡碎片，移動(dòng)的滑坡體主要由重力引起；因此輸送泥沙的程度：滑移體>崩積層>土，包括由蠕變和片狀沖積層產(chǎn)生的碎片，巖屑堆。喪失植被和地表水增加產(chǎn)生的片狀沖積層。

基覆面：被埋坡積土與巖石的界面；普遍存在于軟土、坡積土和堅(jiān)硬巖石之間的顯著邊界；不容易在風(fēng)化巖石深剖面作界定；若在坡積土沉積之前形成的侵蝕面，形成的地形可能跟現(xiàn)在的表面完全無(wú)關(guān) ......



weathering and soil
GROUND CONDITIONS
Top few metres of the ground profile generally consist of soil ,drift and weathered rock,withengineering properties very different from those of the underlying bedrock.
Soil: mixture of weathered mineral debris and plant material,
usually<1 m thick;many divide into plant-rich topsoil and clay-rich subsoil.
Weathering：the natural decay and break down of rock or drift in contact with air and water;generally < 10m deep.

Drift transported,superficial sediment deposited on top of the bedrock; mostly unconsolidated clay,sand and coarser clastic debris; generally Quaternary age ,
hence too yang to be consolidated;varies in thickness from 0 to >50m.
Colluvium:slope debris,
moved downslope largely by gravity alone;extent of sediment transport therefore drift>colluvium>soil;
includes debris from creep and sheetwash,also head and
scree.Sheetwash by surface water increases greatly with loss of vegetation ......