灌溉效率用法的困境(外文翻譯)

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中文： 5400字
英文： 17800字符


摘要：超過(guò)10年以來(lái)，科學(xué)界一直在從事一個(gè)有趣的爭(zhēng)論灌溉效率一詞'和'水分利用效率'。 Israelsen在1932年首先介紹了'經(jīng)典概念灌溉效率'，從那時(shí)起許多條款已經(jīng)形成，并提出來(lái)描述技術(shù)，農(nóng)藝和經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的灌溉效率。傳統(tǒng)的或古典灌溉效率的定義是由水consumptively對(duì)于從源頭改水作物使用的比例。灌溉效率基本上量比率為一灌溉水量平衡的計(jì)劃。灌溉效率，知識(shí)是需要在設(shè)計(jì)灌溉基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施（倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)，運(yùn)送和分銷網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以及農(nóng)場(chǎng)水使用方法），系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)和管理。提高效率的知覺(jué)利益在外地/項(xiàng)目規(guī)模包括運(yùn)輸和分配網(wǎng)絡(luò)，充分利用內(nèi)減少了灌溉計(jì)劃，提高供水服務(wù)的可靠性，減低水澇和鹽堿化，更好地輸水公平，提高地下水的質(zhì)量和節(jié)省退化抽水的能源成本。
然而，最近，古典灌溉效率是用詞不當(dāng)，長(zhǎng)期使用視為誤導(dǎo)，所有水假定為'丟失'“是不是失去了一個(gè)真正意義上的'作為它的某些部分可奪回'和重用。因此，所謂的'新古典主義的灌溉效率'已經(jīng)提出并正在水文框架解釋成不同的組件，如食用部分和非食用部分，有利于和不利于使用分解。在這種情況下，即使是低灌溉在農(nóng)場(chǎng)或項(xiàng)目一級(jí)的效率，流域一級(jí)的效率可能會(huì)很高，反之亦然。因此，按照新古典主義的看法有沒(méi)有'真正的節(jié)約水的增加或計(jì)劃在農(nóng)場(chǎng)水平灌溉效率'。通過(guò)改善基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的現(xiàn)代化灌溉效率（特別是渠道襯砌），傳統(tǒng)認(rèn)為是多余的和不必要的，因此傳統(tǒng)受到批判......


DILEMMA OF IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY USAGE DILEMME DANS L’USAGE DES TERMES SUR L’EFFICIENCE D’IRRIGATION


ABSTRACT：Since over a decade, the scientific community has been engaged in an interesting debate over the term ‘irrigation efficiency’ and ‘water use efficiency’. Israelsen first introduced the classical concept of ‘irrigation efficiency’ in 1932, and since then many terms have been evolved and put forth to describe technical, agronomic and economic aspects of irrigation efficiency. The conventional or classical irrigation efficiency is defined as the ratio of water consumptively used by a crop to the water diverted at the source. Irrigation efficiencies are basically ratios of volumes in the water balance of an irrigation scheme. Knowledge of irrigation efficiency is required in designing irrigation infrastructure (storage, conveyance and distribution network, and on-farm water application methods), system evaluation and management. Perceived benefits of increased efficiency at field/project scale include optimum use of the conveyance and distribution network, reduced water logging and salinity, better water delivery equity within the irrigation scheme, higher reliability of water supply service, arresting degradation of groundwater quality and saving in pumping energy cost ......