外文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯

Progress in computers

The first stored program computers began to work around 1950. The one we built in Cambridge, the EDSAC was first used in the summer of 1949.
These early experimental computers were built by people like myself with varying backgrounds. We all had extensive experience in electronic engineering and were confident that that experience would stand us in good stead. This proved true, although we had some new things to learn. The most important of these was that transients must be treated correctly; what would cause a harmless flash on the screen of a television set could lead to a serious error in a computer.
As far as computing circuits were concerned, we found ourselves with an embarrass de riches. For example, we could use vacuum tube diodes for gates as we did in the EDSAC or pentodes with control signals on both grids, a system widely used elsewhere. This sort of choice persisted and the term families of logic came into use. Those who have worked in the computer field will remember TTL, ECL and CMOS. Of these, CMOS has now become dominant.
In those early years, the IEE was still dominated by power engineering and we had to fight a number of major battles in order to get radio engineering along with the rapidly developing subject of electronics. dubbed in the IEE light current electrical engineering. properly recognized as an activity in its own right. I remember that we had some difficulty in organizing a conference because the power engineers’ ways of doing things were not our ways. A minor source of irritation was that all IEE published papers were expected to start with a lengthy statement of earlier practice, something difficult to do when there was no earlier practice
Consolidation in the 1960s
By the late 50s or early 1960s, the heroic pioneering stage was over and the computer field was starting up in real earnest. The number of computers in the world had increased and they were much more reliable than the very early ones . To those years we can ascribe the first steps in high level languages and the first operating systems. Experimental time-sharing was beginning, and ultimately computer graphics was to come along.
Above all, transistors began to replace vacuum tubes. This change presented a formidable challenge to the engineers of the day. They had to forget what they knew about circuits and start again. It can only be said that they measured up superbly well to the challenge and that the change could not have gone more smoothly.


微機(jī)發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史

第一臺(tái)存儲(chǔ)程序的計(jì)算開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)于1950前后，它就是1949年夏天在劍橋大學(xué)，我們創(chuàng)造的延遲存儲(chǔ)自動(dòng)電子計(jì)算機(jī)（EDSAC）。
最初實(shí)驗(yàn)用的計(jì)算機(jī)是由象我一樣有著廣博知識(shí)的人構(gòu)造的。我們?cè)陔娮庸こ谭矫娑加兄S富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，并且我們深信這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)我們大有裨益。后來(lái)，被證明是正確的，盡管我們也要學(xué)習(xí)很多新東西。最重要的是瞬態(tài)一定要小心應(yīng)付，雖然它只會(huì)在電視機(jī)的熒幕上一起一個(gè)無(wú)害的閃光，但是在計(jì)算機(jī)上這將導(dǎo)致一系列的錯(cuò)誤。
在電路的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中，我們經(jīng)常陷入兩難的境地。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，我可以使用真空二級(jí)管做為門(mén)電路，就象在EDSAC中一樣，或者在兩個(gè)柵格之間用帶控制信號(hào)的五級(jí)管，這被廣泛用于其他系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)，這類(lèi)的選擇一直在持續(xù)著直到邏輯門(mén)電路開(kāi)始應(yīng)用。在計(jì)算機(jī)領(lǐng)域工作的人都應(yīng)該記得TTL，ECL和CMOS，到目前為止，CMOS已經(jīng)占據(jù)了主導(dǎo)地位。
在最初的幾年，IEE（電子工程師協(xié)會(huì)）仍然由動(dòng)力工程占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位。為了讓IEE 認(rèn)識(shí)到無(wú)線工程和快速發(fā)展的電子工程并行發(fā)展是它自己的一項(xiàng)權(quán)利，我們不得不面對(duì)一些障礙。由于動(dòng)力工程師們做事的方式與我們不同，我們也遇到了許多困難。讓人有些憤怒的是，所有的IEE出版的論文都被期望以冗長(zhǎng)的早期研究的陳述開(kāi)頭，無(wú)非是些在早期階段由于沒(méi)有太多經(jīng)驗(yàn)而遇到的困難之類(lèi)的陳述。
60年代的鞏固階段
60年代初，個(gè)人英雄時(shí)代結(jié)束了，計(jì)算機(jī)真正引起了重視。世界上的計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)量已經(jīng)增加了許多，并且性能比以前更加可靠。這些我認(rèn)為歸因與高級(jí)語(yǔ)言的起步和第一個(gè)操作系統(tǒng)的誕生。分時(shí)系統(tǒng)開(kāi)始起步，并且計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)隨之而來(lái)。