倒簽、預(yù)借提單若干法律問題研究

摘要
 倒簽、預(yù)借提單是航運(yùn)貿(mào)易中常見的一種海事欺詐行為。本文試從民法的一般原理出發(fā)，綜合運(yùn)用法理學(xué)的研究方法，探求倒簽、預(yù)借提單的法律性質(zhì)；在此基礎(chǔ)上剖析了倒簽、預(yù)借提單的單證功效以及與其密切相關(guān)的海運(yùn)保函的性質(zhì)和法律效力；最后，從實(shí)務(wù)的角度出發(fā)，結(jié)合以上分析，提出了應(yīng)如何對被倒簽、預(yù)借提單方進(jìn)行有效法律救濟(jì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)對策，從而進(jìn)一步完善我國相關(guān)法律制度，促進(jìn)海運(yùn)貿(mào)易的健康蓬勃發(fā)展。

Anti-dated B/L and Advanced B/L are common kinds of fraud in today’s maritime shipping trade. Starting from the general principles of Civil Law, this article widely and deeply discusses the legal nature of Anti-dated B/L and Advanced B/L, using a comprehensive method mixed with general principles of jurisprudence. Based on the discussion, this paper further provides analysis to the efficacy of these two letters as well as another Letter of Indemnity closely related to them, and thereof giving a potential solution to protecting consignee efficiently, which will refine the law system of our nation and make our maritime shipping trade healthier and more prosperous.

目錄

導(dǎo)言．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1
一、倒簽、預(yù)借提單行為的法律性質(zhì)．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1
（一）學(xué)術(shù)界目前存在的幾種觀點(diǎn)．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1
1、違約行為說．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1
2、侵權(quán)行為說．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．2
3、違約、侵權(quán)競合說．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．3
4、締約過失責(zé)任說．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．3
（二）倒簽、預(yù)借提單行為從本質(zhì)上講是一種侵害第二性債權(quán)行為．．．3
二、倒簽、預(yù)借提單的單證功效．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．5
（一）倒簽、預(yù)借提單與民事欺詐．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．5
（二）倒簽、預(yù)借提單的單證效力．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．5
1、從相關(guān)法律的立法意圖看．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．5
2、從保護(hù)無過錯(cuò)方的角度．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．6
3、從制裁過錯(cuò)方的角度．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．6
4、從提單的作用看．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．6
（三）倒簽、預(yù)借提單與信用證欺詐例外．．．．．．．．．．．．．7
三、倒簽、預(yù)借提單行為中出具保函的法律問題．．．．．．．．．．7
四、從倒簽、預(yù)借提單的法律救濟(jì)看提單制度的完善．．．．．．．．9
結(jié)語．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．9
參考文獻(xiàn)．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．12